<p> Memory</p><p>Receiving new information does not guarantee its recall, learning process is . selective, some experience become part of memory</p><p>; There are three types of memory</p><p>Sensory memory ;last for brief time depends on process of-1 perception and represent the original stimulus accurately, visual immediate memory for stimuli that have just been perceived . rehearsal</p><p> short term memory ;it s the process by which we can memorize by-2 repetition like rehearsing new telephone number, short term memory . can hold only a limited amount of information</p><p>. Iong term memory it keeps the information-3</p><p>; Types of sensory memory</p><p>Iconic memory (image)-visual sensory memory –partial report-1 . procedure</p><p>Echoic memory =auditory comprehending many sounds-like-2 . hearing the word and explains it at the end of the word</p><p>Chunking ; encoding of information –for example image stored in . iconic memory is as (the whole image ) or as in sounds after ,interpretation</p><p>This is the process by which the sensory information moves to short . term memory or is to use the already stored information in the long . term memory and moves them to short term memory</p><p>; Short term memory</p><p>Is often called working memory include new and old information . include visual ,auditory, somatosensory , gustatory , olfactory , even . movements which is important for remembering and thinking</p><p>1 Association – visual, or other sensory stimulus will help in process of . . remembering</p><p>Decay ; it is the process of diminishing the stored information in . short term memory before moving it to long term memory because of . lack of rehearsal or inadequate association</p><p>Proactive inhibition it is the process by which previously learned . data will act forward in time like giving 2 list of names one after the other and the person may remember names from first list instead of . second causing confusion</p><p>Retrieval ; is the process by which the data become poorer in . retaining data from short term memory on successive trials but . improve on changing the model and start again</p><p>Displacement ; interfere with the retention of information in short . . term memory, some of the old information get pushed out</p><p>. Transfer of information from stm to itm .</p><p>By consolidation theory ; stm is retained by short lived neural . activity where itm require structural changes in circuits of neuron – . making solid</p><p>; Long term memory </p><p>Long term memory retains information that is encoded in sensory. . characters also information related to previously learned –meaning</p><p>. Factors effecting memory .</p><p>Damage to particular parts of the brain can permanently impair the . . ability to form new long term memories like for example</p><p> alcohol addiction-1</p><p> sever malnutrition-2</p><p> stroke-3</p><p>2 head trauma-4</p><p> surgery-5</p><p>Anterograde amnesia ;where the memory loss for events that occur . .after the brain damage like alcoholism</p><p>Retrograde amnesia ;memory loss for the events occur before brain . damage like dementia where the cortical atrophy is responsible for . the cognitive dysfunction mostly shown asdefect in stm and sensory</p><p>Factors affecting memory</p><p>Memory ability does change with age. Aging changes the brain and . . therefore memory ability</p><p>This is normal (provided there are no underlying medical conditions)and is referred to as "age- related "memory change .Let s look at som of the factors ;that can further affect memory change</p><p>;For the Better</p><p>Staying active ( mentally and physically ) seems to be the key to stabilizing . memory change with age .here are just a few " active" factors that can ; positively affect memory change ; (physical activity )exercise</p><p> mental activity ) educational experiences , reading , crosswords, ect ;(social) activity ) new experiences ; (healthy diet ) lower fat and lower cholesterol ). . Now let s look at some of the factors that can further affect memory change</p><p>3 For the worse</p><p>A person s medical condition seems to be the primary factor affecting memory change . Here are just a few medical factors that can negatively affect memory change; (medical disorders and diseases ) thyroid problems, heart ( problems, stroke ;(emotional problems )depression, anxiety ;(medication</p><p>Some anti-depressants, some anti- histamines, anti – anxiety and high blood pressure medications ;(medical changes ) menopause and other hormonal</p><p>. Changes ;(poor diet ) high fat , too high cholesterol, too low cholesterol</p><p>; Dementia symptoms</p><p>Symptoms of dementia vary considerably by the individual and the underlying cause of the dementia .Most people affected by dementia have some (but not all ) of these symptoms . The symptoms may be very obvious ,or they may be very subtle and go unrecognized for some time .The first sign of dementia is usually loss of short- term memory .The person repeats what he just said or forgets where she put an object just a few minutes ago. Other symptoms and ; signs are as follows</p><p>Early symptoms-1</p><p>Word finding difficulty _ may be compensate using synonayms or defining- . the word</p><p>Forgetting names, appointments , or whether or not the person has done- .semething ,losing things</p><p>4 Difficulty performing familiar tasks-Driving ,cooking a meal ,household- . chores, managing personal finances</p><p>Personality changes (for example ,sociable person becomes withdrawn or- .(a quiet is coarse and silly</p><p>.Uncharacteristic behavior-</p><p>Mood swings, often with brief periods of anger or rage-</p><p>. Poor judgment-</p><p>.Behavior disorders- Paranoia and suspiciousness-</p><p>Decline in level of functioning but able to follow established routine at- .home</p><p>. Confusion , disorientation in unfamiliar places-</p><p>;Moderate stage of dementia-2</p><p>Worsening of symptoms seen in early dementia, with less ability to . . compensate</p><p>Unable to carry out activities of activities of daily living (eg, bathing . .,dressing ,grooming ,feeding ,using the toilet )without help</p><p>.Disrupted sleep often napping in the daytime, up at night .</p><p>. Unable to learn new information .</p><p>. Increasing disorientation and confusion even in familiar surrounding .</p><p>Greater risk of falls of falls and accidents due to poor judgment and . . confusion</p><p>Behavior disorders –Paranoids, aggressiveness, agitation ,inappropriate . .sexual behavior</p><p>.Hallucinations .</p><p>5 Confabulation (believing the person has done or experienced things that . .( never happened</p><p>. Inattention, poor concentration, loss of interest in the outside world .</p><p>.( Abnormal moods (depression ,anxiety .</p><p>; Sever stage of dementia-3</p><p>. Worsening of symptoms seen in early and intermediate dementia .</p><p>. Complete dependence on others for activities of daily living .</p><p>. May be unable to walk or move from place to place unassisted .</p><p>Impairment of other movements such as swallowing –Increases risk of . malnutrition ,choking ,and aspiration ( inhaling foods and beverages .( ,saliva, or mucus into lung</p><p>Complete loss of short –and long –term memory –May be unable to . . recognize even close relatives and friends</p><p>. Complications start to occur, dehydaration, bed sore, fractures .</p><p>6</p><p>7</p>