<p> Electronic Supplementary Material for "A phylogenetically controlled analysis of the</p><p> roles of reproductive traits in plant invasions"</p><p>Jean H. Burns, Tia-Lynn Ashman, Janette A. Steets, Alexandra Harmon-Threatt, and </p><p>Tiffany M. Knight</p><p>1 Online Appendix A. Focal species and phylogeny used in this study for the comparison of pollen limitation in native and introduced species (fig. 1A).</p><p>Fig 1A The cladogram phylogeny of the species used in this study to determine the relationships among autogamy, self-compatibility, asexual reproduction, pollen limitation, and invasion success. This phylogeny was not used in the calculation of </p><p>2 phylogenetic novelty (see Online Appendix B), but was used to control for phylogenetic relationships among focal species in this study. Branch lengths are not shown, but were incorporated in the analysis.</p><p>3 Online Appendix B. Phylogeny generation for phylogenetic novelty measures.</p><p>When possible, we used phylomatic to estimate the phylogeny for each native community, using the most recent angiosperm phylogeny from the angiosperm phylogeny website (following methods in Hill and Kotanen 2009; Webb & Donoghue </p><p>2005, Stevens 2009, Table 1B); however, some phylomatic phylogenies were insufficiently resolved to estimate relatedness to the nearest native neighbor, as detailed below. In these cases, we estimated the phylogeny using molecular data. The phylogenies we generated here, and used to estimate phylogenetic novelty, are deposited in TreeBASE (SN4438). First, species were chosen to include the most likely putative close relatives of the focal species. Most such sampling was within families and sometimes within genera. Second, the sequences were downloaded from GenBank (see </p><p>Accession numbers below) and aligned using Clustal W (Version 1.82, Thompson et al. </p><p>1994, Chenna et al. 2003) with the following parameters: IUB pairwise mass matrix, 10.0</p><p>Gap opening penalty, 6.66 gap extension penalty, 0.50 transition weighing, 8 gap separation distance, 40% identity for delay, and the end gap separation penalty off. </p><p>Third, ModelTest was used to select the best model for generating the maximum likelihood phylogeny (ModelTest Version 3.7; Posada and Crandall 1998) using Akiake's information criterion (AIC) (Burnham and Anderson 2002). Fourth, a phylogeny was estimated using maximum likelihood in PAUP version 4.0b10 (Swofford 1998) using a heuristic search algorithm with TBR branch swapping. </p><p>Non-parametric rate smoothing (NPRS) was conducted on all phylogenies in r8s </p><p>(Sanderson 1997) following Wikström et al. (2001) to scale the branch lengths. This method calibrates the phylogeny using fossil information, by fixing the split between </p><p>4 Fagales and Cucurbitales at 84 MYR, and then smoothing the remaining branch lengths following Sanderson (1997). The calibration was performed three times to check for local optima (sensu Wikström et al. 2001). The same scaling procedure was used throughout, such that branches were on the same scale across studies (approximate millions of years).</p><p>California Cirsium</p><p>To measure phylogenetic novelty of California Cirsium (KI Powell, unpublished data), we used the ITS data from Kelch and Baldwin (2003) (GenBank AF4436-- and </p><p>AF4437-- series), with outgroups chosen from Wikström et al. (2001), and rbcL data for three species, an Asteraceae, a Fagales, and a Cucurbitales (Brachylaena huillensis </p><p>EU213449, Casuarina equisetifolia AY263930 and Cucurbita ficifolia DQ535804). </p><p>Branch lengths were not available from published phylogenies, so the combined ITS and rbcL data were reanalyzed. ModelTest (version 3.7) with AIC was used to choose a GTR</p><p>+ I +  model. A maximum likelihood analysis was used to generate a phylogeny with branch lengths (Paup version 4.0, beta 10) with Fagales and Cucurbitales as outgroups </p><p>(Kelch and Baldwin 2003). The likelihood search found five most likely trees with a likelihood score of 5213.08901. Then non-parametric rate smoothing (NPRS) was conducted in r8s (Sanderson 1997) following Wikström et al. (2001) to scale the branch lengths. Phylogenetic novelty was estimated across all five most likely trees for Cirsium vulgare, which we get by adding the branch lengths for between Cirsium vulgare and its closest relative in this community, C. arvense (Fig. 1B). Cirsium vulgare was sister to C. arvense across all five most likely phylogenies, and the error in the estimate of phylogenetic novelty was SD = 1.3MY.</p><p>5 Fig 1B Maximum likelihood phylogeny (one randomly chosen tree out of five) with a likelihood of 5213.08901. Phylogenetic novelty was calculated as the sum of the branch lengths between the introduced species Cirsium vulgare and its closest native neighbor in this community, C. arvense (42 + 3.7 = 45.7). This is the only species for which there was variation in the estimate of phylogenetic novelty across trees. Different estimates did not influence the relationship between phylogenetic novelty and pollen limitation.</p><p>6 Orchidaceae</p><p>There was insufficient resolution in the phylomatic phylogeny for Orchidaceae in </p><p>Puerto Rico to calculate phylogenetic novelty for Oeceoclades maculata. We therefore used rbcL and matK sequences from GenBank (matK: EF079333, EU490678, </p><p>AY396097, AY396093, EF065598, EU214315, AY869965, EU214321, AY557203, </p><p>AM900818, EU490681, AF239508, EU214160, AY368404, EU490690, AJ519450, </p><p>EU490691, EU214167, EU214239, AY368408, EU490695, EU214358, AY147238, </p><p>AF263761, AF350627, EU490696, EU214362, AY870004, EF079194, EU214376, </p><p>AF265487, AB366617, EU214178, EU214179, EU214411, AM902109, EU214415, </p><p>EF079260, EU214183, AM902105, DQ091313, EU214186, AM900808, AY396092, </p><p>EU490706, EU490711, EU214491, AJ543932, AY396094, AF350614, AF265476, </p><p>AY368433, AF263687, AY368434, rbcL: AF074111, AF518025, AF518069, D58405, </p><p>AF074136, AJ542419, AJ542425, AF074144, AF074149, AF074150, AF074156, </p><p>AJ519446, AF518062, AF518060, EU213468, AF074171, AF074175, AF074177, </p><p>AF518029, AF518031, AF074182, AY368362, AF518046, AF074185, AF074188, </p><p>AJ542436, AY368366, AF264171, AJ542423, AF518042, AJ542417, AJ519445, </p><p>AF518067, AF074229, AY381135, AF074236, AF074240) for each genus, rooted using </p><p>Casuarina riparia (AY191713) and Cucurbita pepo (DQ536666). ModelTest chose the </p><p>GTR+I+G model with an AIC of 37992.6016. A maximum likelihood tree search found a single most likely tree with a likelihood of 18393.14980 (Fig. 2B). </p><p>7 Fig 2B Maximum likelihood phylogeny for the Puerto Rico Orchidaceae used to estimate phylogenetic novelty. The phylogenetic distance between Oeceoclades and its nearest neighbor, Eulophia, is 20.9 + 8.6 = 29.5 MY. </p><p>Brassicaceae</p><p>8 There was insufficient resolution in the phylomatic phylogeny for Brassicaceae to determine the relationship of Raphanus to native Brassicaceae. No TreeBASE alignment was available that contained Raphanus sativus, for either the California Brassicaceae or the Illinois Brassicaceae. For the Illinois Brassicaceae, we therefore used GenBank sequences for rbcL (EF590570, DQ310542, AF020323, AY167981, AF020324, </p><p>NC_009272, D88906, AF020325, AF020328) and matK (EF590417, AF144350, </p><p>AY994191, NC_009272, NC_009273, AY483225, AF174530) to resolve the phylogeny, rooted with Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae, DQ536666) and Casuarina equisetifolia </p><p>(Casuarinaceae, AY263930). ModelTest chose the TVM+G model with an AIC of </p><p>27713.3848. A single most likely tree was recovered with a likelihood score of </p><p>13810.49725 (Fig. 3B).</p><p>9 Fig 3B Single most likely phylogeny for the Illinois Brassicaceae. Raphanus raphanistrum was related to several other species with a phylogenetic distance of 0.7 + </p><p>18.7 = 19.4 MY.</p><p>A phylogeny was also generated for the California Brassicaceae also using rbcL </p><p>(EF590571, DQ310542, AP009370, AF020324, NC_009272, AY167980, D88906, </p><p>AF020328, AY167982, AY483263, AY263930, DQ535804, EF590571, DQ310542, </p><p>AP009370, AF020324, NC_009272, AY167980, D88906, AF020328, AY167982, </p><p>AY483263, AY263930, DQ535804) and matK (AF144333, AF144346, DQ409262, </p><p>AF144355, AF144366, AY483226, AF144360, AF174531, EF590418, DQ536666, </p><p>AP009370, NC_009272). ModelTest chose a TVM+G model with an AIC score of </p><p>21135.7520. A maximum likelihood search found a single most likely tree with a score of 10438.42313 (Fig. 4B).</p><p>10 Fig 4B The single most likely phylogeny for Raphanus sativus in California. </p><p>Phylogenetic novelty for this species was 51.9 + 5.9 + 16.8 = 74.6 MY.</p><p>Caryophyllaceae: Silene </p><p>Silene was unresolved in the phylomatic phylogeny for Virginia Caryophyllaceae, and no GenBank sequences were available for Silene alba, therefore the estimate of 11.33</p><p>(based on the sum of the branch lengths to the nearest native neighbor) for phylogenetic novelty of Silene alba, based on the phylomatic phylogeny, may be an overestimate.</p><p>11 Table 1B Definitions of the native community for each invasive species, used in the calculation of phylogenetic novelty.</p><p>Species Study reference Native community Source for Flora reference Phylogenetic novelty Species included in Method of TreeBASE </p><p> location native (estimates across most phylogeny phylogeny accession </p><p> community likely phylogenies, when generation number</p><p> there was more than one) Barbarea Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 37.3 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NAa vulgaris al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora</p><p>Co., Missouri, USA Caesalpinia Rambuda and KwaZulu-Natal, Flora of South Ross 1977 12.0 Caesalpinia bonduc Phylomatic NA decapetala Johnson 2004 South Africa Africa Caesalpinia pearsonii</p><p>Caesalpinia rubra</p><p>Caesalpinia rostrata</p><p>Caesalpinia decapetala Canna indica Rambuda and KwaZulu-Natal, The Flora of Marloth 1925 3.0 Aloe africana Phylomatic NA</p><p>Johnson 2004 South Africa South Africa Andropogon contortus</p><p>Aponogeton distachyus</p><p>Barbacenia retinervis</p><p>Burmannia </p><p> inhambanensis</p><p>Canna indica</p><p>Carpha glomerata</p><p>Commelina africana</p><p>Disa uniflora</p><p>Elegia juncea</p><p>12 Eriocaulon subulatum</p><p>Flagellaria indica</p><p>Heteranthera </p><p> kotschyana</p><p>Jubaeopsis caffra</p><p>Kaempferia natalensis</p><p>Lagarosiphon </p><p> muscoides</p><p>Lanaria plumosa</p><p>Lemna minor</p><p>Moraea polystachya</p><p>Najas interrupta</p><p>Nerine sarniensis</p><p>Prionium serratum</p><p>Strelitzia reginae</p><p>Testudinaria multiflora</p><p>Triglochin bulbosum</p><p>Typha capensis</p><p>Xyris natalensis</p><p>Zantedeschia rehmanni Cirsium vulgare Powell and Knight Pt. Reyes National Calflora Calflora 2000 Mean = 45.1 Californian Cirsium ITS and rbcL SN4438-</p><p>2009 Seashore, database (42.8, 45.7, 45.7, 45.7, (Fig. 1B) 22206</p><p>California, USA 45.7) Commelina Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 24.7 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA</p><p>13 communis al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora</p><p>Co., Missouri, USA Convolvulus Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 24.3 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA arvensis al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora</p><p>Co., Missouri, USA Cytisus Parker and Marin County, CA, Calflora Calflora 2000 4.1 Marin Co. Fabaceaec Phylomatic NA scoparius Haubensak 2002 USA database</p><p>Dianthus Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 23.3 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA armeria al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora</p><p>Co., Missouri, USA Genista Parker and Marin County, CA, Calflora Calflora 2000 6.0 Marin Co. Fabaceaec Phylomatic NA monspessulana Haubensak 2002 USA database</p><p>Lilium Rambuda and KwaZulu-Natal, The Flora of Marloth 1925 27.3 Lilium formosanum Phylomatic NA formosanum Johnson 2004 South Africa South Africa Behnia reticulata</p><p>Asparagus capensis</p><p>Gasteria nitida</p><p>Apicra foliolosa</p><p>Haworthia viscosa</p><p>Aloe dichotoma</p><p>Massonia pustulata</p><p>Lachenalia rubida</p><p>Drimia haworthioides</p><p>Kniphofia tabularis</p><p>Urginea filifolia</p><p>14 Tulbaghia alliacea</p><p>Eriospermum latifolium</p><p>Bulbine minima</p><p>Albuca major</p><p>Ornithogalum aureum</p><p>Hyacinthus corymbosus</p><p>Wurmbea capensis</p><p>Ornithoglossum viride</p><p>Dipidax ciliata</p><p>Androcymbium </p><p> leucanthum</p><p>Wachendorfia </p><p> paniculata</p><p>Dilatris viscosa Lonicera Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 23.3 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA japonica al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora</p><p>Co., Missouri, USA Lonicera Goodell and Iler Ohio, USA The Vascular Cooperrider 1995 22.7 Diervilla lonicera Phylomatic NA maackii 2007 Flora of Ohio Lonicera villosa</p><p>Lonicera canadensis</p><p>Lonicera oblongifolia</p><p>Lonicera maackii</p><p>Lonicera sempervirens</p><p>Lonicera dioica</p><p>15 Lonicera flava</p><p>Lonicera prolifera</p><p>Symphoricarpos albus </p><p>Symphoricarpos </p><p> orbiculatus</p><p>Linnaea borealis</p><p>Triosteum perfoliatum</p><p>Triosteum </p><p> angustifolium</p><p>Viburnum alnifolium</p><p>Viburnum cassinoides</p><p>Viburnum lentago</p><p>Viburnum prunifolium</p><p>Viburnum rufidulum</p><p>Viburnum </p><p> rafinesquianum</p><p>Viburnum molle</p><p>Viburnum dentatum</p><p>Viburnum recognitum</p><p>Viburnum acerifolium</p><p>Viburnum opulus</p><p>Sambucus canadensis</p><p>Sambucus pubens Nardus stricta Kissling et al. 2006 Canterbury, New Flora of New Edgar and Connor 15.0 New Zealand Poaceaed Phylomatic NA</p><p>16 Zealand Zealand 2000</p><p>Nepeta cataria Sih and Baltus Kellogg Biological Michigan Plants Michigan Plants 20.3 Clinopodium vulgare Phylomatic NA</p><p>1987 Station, Michigan, Online Online 2008, Glechoma hederacea</p><p>USA USDA 2007 Lamium purpureum</p><p>Leonurus cardiaca</p><p>Lycopus americanus</p><p>Lycopus uniflorus</p><p>Marrubium vulgare</p><p>Mentha arvensis</p><p>Mentha spicata</p><p>Monarda fistulosa</p><p>Monarda punctata</p><p>Nepeta cataria</p><p>Prunella vulgaris</p><p>Pycnanthemum </p><p> virginianum</p><p>Scutellaria galericulata</p><p>Scutellaria lateriflora</p><p>Scutellaria parvula</p><p>Stachys hyssopifolia Oeceoclades González-Díaz Puerto Rico Flora of Puerto Liogier and 29.5 Puerto Rican rbcL and matK SN4438- maculata Ackerman 1988 Rico Martorell 1982 Orchidaceae (Fig. 2B) 22207</p><p>Oenothera Rambuda and KwaZulu-Natal, The Flora of Marloth 1925 23.7 Epilobium sp Phylomatic NA</p><p>17 biennis Johnson 2004 South Africa South Africa Jussieua sp</p><p>Ludwigia sp</p><p>Oenothera biennis</p><p>Oenothera odorata</p><p>Onagra sp</p><p>Trapa sp</p><p>Xylopleurum sp Potentilla recta Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 23.7 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA</p><p> al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora</p><p>Co., Missouri, USA Prunus mahaleb Guittian 1993 Iberian peninsula, European flora Flora Europaea 23.7 Agrimonia eupatoria Phylomatic NA</p><p>Spain 2008 Prunus acida</p><p>Prunus amygdalus</p><p>Prunus armeniaca</p><p>Prunus mahaleb Raphanus Pfennig and Illinois, USA Guide to the Molhenbrock 1986 19.4 Illinois Brassicaceae rbcL and matK SN4438- raphanistrum Conner 1997 Vascular Flora (Fig. 3B) 22208</p><p> of Illinois: Raphanus Stanton 1987 California, USA Calflora Calflora 2000 74.6 California Brassicaceae rbcL and matK Matrix sativus database (Fig. 4B) SN4438-</p><p>22209 Senna Rambuda and KwaZulu-Natal, The Flora of Marloth 1925 2.0 Abrus precatorius Phylomatic NA didymobotrya Johnson 2004 South Africa South Africa Acacia karroo</p><p>Afzelia quazensis</p><p>Amphithalea ericifolia</p><p>Amphithalea ericifolia</p><p>18 Argyrolobium </p><p> andrewsianum</p><p>Aspalathus laricifolia</p><p>Borbonia cordata</p><p>Borbonia cordata</p><p>Cassia obovata</p><p>Crotalaria capensis</p><p>Cyclopia genistoides</p><p>Dolichos gibbosus</p><p>Erythrina humeana</p><p>Fagelia bituminosa</p><p>Indigofera cytisoides</p><p>Liparia sphaerica</p><p>Podalyria calxptrata</p><p>Priestleya villosa</p><p>Psoralea aculeata</p><p>Psoralea aphylla</p><p>Pterocarpus erinaceus</p><p>Schotia latifolia</p><p>Senna didymobotrya</p><p>Sutherlandia frutescens</p><p>Virgilia capensis Silene alba Alexander 1987 Virginia, USA Digital Atlas of Digital Atlas of 11.3 Arenaria lanuginosa Phylomatic NA</p><p>Virginia Virginia 2008 Arenaria serpyllifolia</p><p>19 Cerastium arvense</p><p>Cerastium brachypodum</p><p>Cerastium nutans</p><p>Honckenya peploides</p><p>Minuartia caroliniana</p><p>Minuartia glabra</p><p>Minuartia godfreyi</p><p>Minuartia groenlandica</p><p>Minuartia michauxii</p><p>Minuartia patula</p><p>Minuartia uniflora</p><p>Minuartia cumberlandensis</p><p>Moehringia lateriflora</p><p>Paronychia americana</p><p>Paronychia argyrocoma</p><p>Paronychia baldwinii</p><p>Paronychia canadensis</p><p>Paronychia fastigiata</p><p>Paronychia </p><p>20 herniarioides</p><p>Paronychia montana</p><p>Paronychia virginica</p><p>Sagina decumbens</p><p>Silene caroliniana</p><p>Silene latifolia</p><p>Silene nivea</p><p>Silene ovata</p><p>Silene rotundifolia</p><p>Silene stellata</p><p>Silene virginica</p><p>Stellaria corei</p><p>Stellaria longifolia</p><p>Stellaria prostrata</p><p>Stellaria pubera</p><p>Stipulicida setacea</p><p>Silene latifolia Wolfe and Blair Virginia, USA Flora of the Weakley 1996 22.7 Arenaria lanuginosa Phylomatic NA</p><p> unpublished Carolina and Arenaria serpyllifolia</p><p>Virginia Cerastium arvense</p><p>Cerastium </p><p> brachypodum</p><p>Cerastium nutans</p><p>21 Honckenya peploides</p><p>Minuartia caroliniana</p><p>Minuartia glabra</p><p>Minuartia godfreyi</p><p>Minuartia groenlandica</p><p>Minuartia michauxii</p><p>Minuartia patula</p><p>Minuartia uniflora</p><p>Minuartia cumberlandensis</p><p>Moehringia lateriflora</p><p>Paronychia americana</p><p>Paronychia argyrocoma</p><p>Paronychia baldwinii</p><p>Paronychia canadensis</p><p>Paronychia fastigiata</p><p>Paronychia herniarioides</p><p>Paronychia montana</p><p>Paronychia virginica</p><p>Sagina decumbens</p><p>22 Silene caroliniana</p><p>Silene latifolia</p><p>Silene nivea</p><p>Silene ovata</p><p>Silene rotundifolia</p><p>Silene stellata</p><p>Silene virginica</p><p>Stellaria corei</p><p>Stellaria longifolia</p><p>Stellaria prostrata</p><p>Stellaria pubera</p><p>Stipulicida setacea Spartina Bertness and Rhode Island, USA Flora of Rhode Gould et al. 1998 6.0 Agrostis hyemalis Phylomatic NA alterniflora Shumway 1992, Island Agrostis perennans</p><p>Davis et al (2004) Alopecurus aequalis</p><p>Ammophila </p><p> breviligulata</p><p>Andropogon gerardii</p><p>Andropogon </p><p> virginicus2</p><p>Aristida dichotoma</p><p>Aristida longespica</p><p>Aristida oligantha</p><p>Aristida purpurascens2</p><p>23 Brachyelytrum erectum</p><p>Bromus ciliatus</p><p>Bromus pubescens</p><p>Calamagrostis canadensis2</p><p>Calamagrostis cinnoides</p><p>Cenchrus longispinus</p><p>Cinna arundinaea</p><p>Danthonia compressa</p><p>Danthonia spicata</p><p>Deschampsia cespitosa</p><p>Deschampsia flexuosa</p><p>Digitaria filiformis</p><p>Distichlis spicata2</p><p>Echinochloa muricata</p><p>Echinochloa walteri</p><p>Elymus hystrix</p><p>Elymus riparius</p><p>Elymus villosus</p><p>Elymus virginicus</p><p>Eragrostis capillaris</p><p>Eragrostis pectinacea</p><p>24 Eragrostis spectabilis</p><p>Festuca pratensis</p><p>Festuca rubra</p><p>Glyceria acutiflora</p><p>Glyceria borealis</p><p>Glyceria canadensis</p><p>Glyceria grandis</p><p>Glyceria obtusa</p><p>Glyceria septentrionalis</p><p>Glyceria striata</p><p>Hierochloe odorata</p><p>Hordeum jubatum</p><p>Leersia oryzoides</p><p>Leersia virginica</p><p>Leptochloa fascicularis</p><p>Muhlenbergia frondosa</p><p>Muhlenbergia glomerata</p><p>Muhlenbergia mexicana</p><p>Muhlenbergia schreberi</p><p>25 Muhlenbergia sobolifera</p><p>Muhlenbergia sylvatica</p><p>Muhlenbergia tenuiflora</p><p>Muhlenbergia uniflora</p><p>Oryzopsis asperifolia</p><p>Oryzopsis pungens</p><p>Oryzopsis racemosa</p><p>Panicum amarum</p><p>Panicum capillare</p><p>Panicum clandestinum</p><p>Panicum columbianum</p><p>Panicum commutatum</p><p>Panicum depauperatum</p><p>Panicum dichotomiflorum</p><p>Panicum dichotomum</p><p>Panicum lanuginosum</p><p>Panicum latifolium</p><p>Panicum leucothrix</p><p>Panicum linearifolium</p><p>Panicum longiflolium</p><p>26 Panicum oligosanthes</p><p>Panicum philadelphicum</p><p>Panicum rigidulum</p><p>Panicum scabriusculum</p><p>Panicum scoparium</p><p>Panicum sphaerocarpon</p><p>Panicum spretum</p><p>Panicum verrucosum</p><p>Panicum villosissimum</p><p>Panicum virgatum</p><p>Panicum wrightianum</p><p>Paspalum setaceum</p><p>Phalaris arundinacea</p><p>Phragmites australis</p><p>Piptochaetium avenaceum</p><p>Poa languida</p><p>Poa paulustris</p><p>Puccinellia fasciculata</p><p>Puccinellia maritima</p><p>27 Puccinellia pallida</p><p>Puccinellia pumila</p><p>Schizachne purpurascens</p><p>Schizachyrium scoparium2</p><p>Setaria geniculata</p><p>Setaria magna</p><p>Sorghastrum nutans</p><p>Spartina alterniflora</p><p>Spartina caespitosa</p><p>Spartina cynosuroides</p><p>Spartina patens</p><p>Spartina pectinata</p><p>Sphenopholis nitida</p><p>Sphenopholis obtusata</p><p>Sphenopholis pensylvanica</p><p>Sporobolus asper</p><p>Sporobolus cryptandrus</p><p>Sporobolus vaginiflorus</p><p>28 Stipa comata</p><p>Tridens flavus</p><p>Triplasis purpurea</p><p>Tripsacum dactyloides</p><p>Vulpia octoflora</p><p>Zizania aquatica Verbascum Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 20.3 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA blattaria al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora</p><p>Co., Missouri, USA Vicia villosa Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 10.0 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA</p><p> al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora</p><p>Co., Missouri, USA aSubmissions to TreeBASE are only accepted when a corresponding data matrix is available. For phylomatic phylogenies, see the angiosperm phylogeny website (Stevens 2009). bTyson Flora:/Abutilon theophrasti /Achillea millefolium /Achillea millefolium/Actaea pachypoda /Agalinis gattingeri /Agalinis tenuifolia/Agalinis viridis/Agastache nepetoides /Agrimonia pubescens/Agrimonia rostellata /Agrostis hyemalis/Agrostis perennans /Ailanthus altissima/Alisma triviale/Alliaria petiolata /Allium canadense /Allium stellatum/Allium vineale/Ambrosia artemisiifolia</p><p>/Ambrosia trifida /Amelanchier arborea /Amorpha canescens/Ampelopsis cordata /Amphicarpaea bracteata/Amsonia ciliata /Andropogon gerardii /Andropogon virginicus /Androsace occidentalis/Anemone canadensis/Anemone virginiana/Anemonella thalictroides /Antennaria plantaginifolia /Aplectrum hyemale/Apocynum cannabinum /Aquilegia canadensis/Arabidopsis thaliana </p><p>/Arabis canadensis/Arabis laevigata /Arabis shortii/Arctium minus/Arenaria serpyllifolia/Arisaema dracontium /Arisaema triphyllum /Aristolochia tomentosa /Artemisia dracunculus/Aruncus dioicus/Asarum canadense/Asclepias incarnata /Asclepias purpurascens /Asclepias quadrifolia /Asclepias syriaca /Asclepias tuberosa/Asclepias verticillata /Asclepias viridiflora /Asclepias viridis </p><p>/Asimina triloba/Aster anomalus /Aster brachyactis /Aster cordifolius /Aster drummondii/Aster ericoides/Aster fragilis/Aster lanceolatus/Aster lanceolatus/Aster lateriflorus /Aster linariifolius /Aster novaeangliae /Aster oblongifolius /Aster ontarionis /Aster parviceps /Aster patens /Aster pilosus /Aster turbinellus/Aster urophyllus/Astragalus crassicarpus /Aureolaria grandiflora/Aureolaria pectinata /Bacopa rotundifolia /Baptisia australis/Baptisia bracteata/Barbarea vulgaris/Berberis thunbergii/Bidens aristosa /Bidens frondosa/Blephilia ciliata/Blephilia hirsuta/Boehmeria cylindrica </p><p>/Bouteloua curtipendula /Brickellia eupatorioides /Bromus japonicus /Bromus pubescens /Bromus tectorum/Buglossoides arvense /Bumelia lanuginosa /Cacalia atriplicifolia /Cacalia muhlenbergii/Calylophus serrulatus /Calystegia sepium /Camassia scilloides/Campanula americana/Campsis radicans/Capsella bursapastoris /Cardamine concatenata /Cardamine parviflora/Carduus nutans/Carex albicans /Carex complanata /Carex flaccosperma /Carex frankii/Carex lurida/Carex muhlenbergii/Carex shortiana/Carex umbellata/Carya cordiformis /Carya glabra/Carya ovata /Carya</p><p>29 texana /Carya tomentosa/Ceanothus americanus /Celastrus scandens /Celtis occidentalis/Celtis tenuifolia/Centaurea cyanus/Cerastium fontanum /Cerastium pumilum /Ceratophyllum demersum </p><p>/Cercis canadensis/Chamaecrista fasciculata /Chamaecrista nictitans /Chamaesyce maculata /Chamaesyce nutans/Chasmanthium latifolium /Cichorium intybus /Circaea lutetiana/Cirsium altissimum /Cirsium discolor/Cirsium vulgare/Claytonia virginica/Clematis terniflora /Clematis versicolor /Clematis virginiana/Collinsia verna/Comandra umbellata/Commelina communis </p><p>/Commelina erecta/Convolvulus arvensis/Conyza canadensis/Corallorhiza odontorhiza /Corallorhiza wisteriana /Coreopsis lanceolata /Coreopsis palmata /Coreopsis tripteris /Cornus alternifolia </p><p>/Cornus drummondii/Cornus florida/Cornus foemina/Corydalis flavula /Corylus americana/Crataegus crusgalli /Crataegus pruinosa /Crotalaria sagittalis /Croton glandulosus/Croton monanthogynus /Cunila origanoides /Cuphea viscosissima /Cynoglossum virginianum/Cyperus echinatus /Cyperus strigosus /Dactylis glomerata /Dalea candida /Dalea purpurea /Danthonia spicata </p><p>/Dasistoma macrophylla /Datura stramonium /Daucus carota/Daucus pusillus/Delphinium tricorne /Descurainia pinnata/Desmanthus illinoensis /Desmodium cuspidatum /Desmodium glutinosum </p><p>/Desmodium laevigatum /Desmodium nudiflorum/Desmodium obtusum/Desmodium paniculatum/Desmodium pauciflorum /Desmodium rotundifolium /Dianthus armeria /Dicentra cucullaria/Diodia teres /Dioscorea villosa/Diospyros virginiana/Dirca palustris/Dodecatheon meadia/Draba brachycarpa /Draba cuneifolia /Draba verna/Echinacea simulata /Eclipta prostrata /Elephantopus carolinianus /Elymus canadensis/Elymus hystrix /Elymus villosa/Elymus virginicus/Erechtites hieracifolia /Erigenia bulbosa /Erigeron annuus /Erigeron philadelphicus /Erigeron pulchellus /Erigeron strigosus/Erigeron tenuis/Eryngium yuccifolium /Erysimum capitatum /Erythronium albidum/Euonymus atropurpureus/Eupatorium altissimum/Eupatorium coelestinum/Eupatorium perfoliatum/Eupatorium purpureum /Eupatorium rugosum /Eupatorium serotinum /Euphorbia commutata /Euphorbia corollata /Euphorbia cyathophora /Euphorbia dentata/Fragaria virginiana/Fraxinus americana/Fraxinus pennsylvanica/Galium aparine/Galium circaezans/Galium tinctorium/Gaura longiflora/Geranium carolinianum/Geranium maculatum/Geum canadense/Geum laciniatum /Geum vernum /Gillenia stipulata /Glandularia canadensis12 /Glechoma hederacea/Gleditsia triacanthos/Gnaphalium obtusifolium /Gratiola neglecta/Gymnocladus dioica/Hedeoma pulegioides/Hedyotis crassifolia /Hedyotis longifolia/Hedyotis nigricans /Helenium autumnale /Helianthus divaricatus /Helianthus hirsutus /Helianthus rigidus /Helianthus tuberosus/Heliopsis helianthoides/Hemerocallis fulva/Heterotheca latifolia/Heuchera americana7 /Heuchera richardsonii /Hibiscus lasiocarpos /Hieracium gronovii/Holosteum umbellatum/Hordeum pusillum /Hybanthus concolor /Hydrangea arborescens /Hydrastis canadensis/Hymenopappus scabiosaeus /Hypericum perforatum /Hypericum prolificum /Hypericum pseudomaculatum /Hypericum punctatum /Hypericum sphaerocarpum /Hypoxis hirsuta /Ilex decidua /Impatiens capensis/Impatiens pallida/Ipomoea hederacea /Ipomoea pandurata /Iresine rhizomatosa/Iris germanica /Iris pallida/Iris virginica/Isopyrum biternatum /Juglans cinerea /Juglans nigra /Juniperus virginiana/Krigia biflora /Kummerowia stipulacea/Kummerowia striata/Lactuca canadensis /Lactuca floridana/Lactuca floridana /Lactuca floridana/Lactuca ludoviciana /Lactuca saligna /Lactuca serriola /Lamium amplexicaule/Lamium purpureum/Lechea tenuifolia/Leonurus cardiaca /Lepidium campestre/Lepidium virginicum </p><p>/Lespedeza cuneata /Lespedeza hirta/Lespedeza procumbens /Lespedeza repens /Lespedeza violacea/Lespedeza virginica/Leucanthemum vulgare/Liatris aspera/Lilium michiganense/Lindera benzoin/Lithospermum canescens/Lobelia inflata/Lobelia siphilitica/Lobelia spicata/Lonicera japonica/Lonicera morrowii/Lotus corniculatus/Ludwigia palustris/Maianthemum racemosum/Malus ioensis/Manfreda virginica/Matelea decipiens/Matelea obliqua/Matricaria recutita/Medicago sativa/Melilotus albus/Melilotus officinale/Melissa officianalis/Menispermum canadense/Mentha </p><p>30 arvensis/Mentha spicata/Mertensia virginica/Mimulus alatus/Mirabilis nyctaginea/Monarda bradburiana/Monarda fistulosa/Morus rubra/Muhlenbergia sobolifera/Myosotis verna/Myriophyllum heterophyllum/Narcissus poeticus/Nothoscordum bivalve/Oenothera biennis/Oenothera laciniata/Oenothera macrocarpa/Oenothera pilosella/Opuntia humifusa/Orbexilum onobrychis/Orbexilum pedunculatum/Ornithogalum umbellatum/Orobanche ludoviciana/Orobanche uniflora/Ostrya virginiana/Oxalis corniculata/Oxalis stricta/Oxalis violacea/Panicum acuminatum/Panicum boscii/Panicum linearifolium/Parthenium hispidum/Parthenium integrifolium/Parthenocissus quinquefolia/Penstemon digitalis/Penstemon pallidus/Perilla frutescens/Phlox divaricata/Phlox pilosa/Phryma leptostachya /Phyla lanceolata/Phyllanthus caroliniensis/Physalis longifolia/Physostegia virginiana/Phytolacca americana/Pilea pumila/Plantago aristata/Plantago lanceolata/Plantago major/Plantago rugelii/Plantago virginica/Platanus occidentalis/Poa pratensis/Podophyllum peltatum/Polemonium reptans/Polygonatum biflorum/Polygonatum biflorum2/Polygonum aviculare/Polygonum convolvulus/Polygonum hydropiper/Polygonum hydropiperoides/Polygonum lapathifolium/Polygonum pensylvanicum/Polygonum persicaria/Polygonum punctatum/Polygonum scandens/Polygonum virginianum/Polytaenia nuttallii/Populus deltoides/Potamogeton pectinatus/Potentilla nicolletii/Potentilla norvegica/Potentilla recta/Potentilla simplex/Prenanthes altissima2 </p><p>/Prunella vulgaris/Prunus americana6/Prunus angustifolia/Prunus mexicana/Prunus munsoniana/Prunus persica/Prunus serotina/Psoralidium tenuiflorum/Ptelea trifoliata/Pycnanthemum albescens/Pycnanthemum pilosum/Pycnanthemum tenuifolium/Quercus alba/Quercus imbricaria/Quercus marilandica/Quercus muehlenbergii/Quercus rubra/Quercus stellata/Quercus velutina </p><p>/Ranunculus abortivus /Ranunculus fascicularis /Ranunculus harveyi /Ranunculus hispidus/Ranunculus hispidus/Ranunculus micranthus/Ranunculus sceleratus /Ratibida pinnata/Rhamnus caroliniana /Rhamnus lanceolata/Rhus aromatica/Rhus copallina/Rhus glabra/Ribes missouriense /Robinia pseudoacacia /Rorippa nasturtium/Rosa canina/Rosa carolina/Rosa multiflora/Rubus allegheniensis/Rubus flagellaris/Rubus occidentalis/Rubus orarius/Rudbeckia fulgida /Rudbeckia hirta/Rudbeckia missouriensis/Rudbeckia triloba/Ruellia humilis/Ruellia strepens /Rumex acetosella </p><p>/Rumex altissimus /Rumex crispus /Rumex hastatulus /Sabatia angularis/Sagittaria calycina/Sagittaria latifolia/Salix exigua/Salix nigra/Salvia azurea/Sambucus canadensis/Sanguinaria canadensis/Sanicula canadensis/Saponaria officinalis/Sassafras albidum/Saxifraga pennsylvanica/Schizachyrium scoparium /Scirpus atrovirens /Scrophularia marilandica/Scutellaria incana </p><p>/Scutellaria ovata/Scutellaria parvula /Senecio aureus/Senecio obovatus/Senecio plattensis/Senna marilandica /Setaria parviflora/Setaria pumila /Sicyos angulatus /Sida spinosa /Silene regia/Silene stellata /Silphium integrifolium/Silphium perfoliatum/Silphium terebinthinaceum/Sisyrinchium angustifolium/Sisyrinchium campestre /Smilax hispida/Smilax lasioneuron /Smilax pulverulenta /Solanum carolinense/Solidago altissima/Solidago drummondii/Solidago flexicaulis/Solidago gigantea /Solidago hispida/Solidago nemoralis /Solidago petiolaris/Solidago radula/Solidago ulmifolia/Sorghastrum nutans /Spiranthes lacera/Spiranthes tuberosa/Stachys tenuifolia/Staphylea trifolia /Stellaria media/Strophostyles helvula/Stylophorum diphyllum/Stylosanthes biflora/Swertia caroliniensis/Symphoricarpos orbiculatus /Symplocarpus foetidus /Taenidia integerrima /Talinum calycinum /Taraxacum erythrospermum/Taraxacum officinale/Tephrosia virginiana/Teucrium canadense/Thaspium barbinode/Thlaspi perfoliatum/Tilia americana/Torilis arvensis/Toxicodendron radicans/Tradescantia ohiensis/Tragopogon dubius/Tragopogon pratensis/Trichostema brachiatum</p><p>/Tridens flavus/Trifolium campestre/Trifolium dubium/Trifolium pratense /Trifolium repens2 /Trillium recurvatum /Trillium viride/Triodanis perfoliata /Triosteum perfoliatum4 /Typha latifolia3 /Ulmus americana8 /Ulmus rubra3/Uvularia grandiflora/Vaccaria hispanica /Vaccinium pallidum/Vaccinium stamineum /Valerianella radiata/Verbascum blattaria/Verbascum thapsus/Verbena hastata </p><p>31 /Verbena simplex2/Verbena stricta2/Verbena urticifolia /Verbesin alternifolia/Verbesina helianthoides/Vernonia baldwinii/Vernonia missurica/Veronica arvensis4 /Veronica serpyllifolia2/Veronicastrum virginicum2/Viburnum prunifolium /Viburnum rufidulum /Vicia villosa/Viola missouriensis2 /Viola pedata /Viola pubescens3/Viola rafinesquii /Viola sororia/Viola striata2/Viola triloba3/Vitis aestivalis /Vitis cinerea2 /Vitis vulpina/Vulpia octoflora /Wisteria frutescens /Zizia aurea</p><p>Marin Co. Fabaceaec/Acacia baileyana/Acacia dealbata/Acacia decurrens/Acacia longifolia/Acacia melanoxylon/Acacia paradoxa/Acacia retinodes/Acacia verticillata/Albizia lophantha/Amorpha californica/Astragalus breweri/Astragalus didymocarpus/Astragalus gambelianus/Astragalus lentiginosus/Astragalus nuttallii/Astragalus pycnostachyus/Astragalus tener/Chamaecytisus proliferus/Colutea arborescens/Cytisus scoparius/Cytisus striatus/Genista monspessulana/Glycyrrhiza lepidota/Hoffmannseggia glauca/Hoita macrostachya/Hoita orbicularis/Lathyrus angulatus/Lathyrus aphaca/Lathyrus jepsonii/Lathyrus latifolius/Lathyrus littoralis/Lathyrus odoratus/Lathyrus polyphyllus/Lathyrus sphaericus/Lathyrus tingitanus/Lathyrus torreyi/Lathyrus vestitus/Lotus purshianus/Lotus angustissimus/Lotus benthamii/Lotus corniculatus/Lotus crassifolius/Lotus formosissimus/Lotus grandiflorus/Lotus heermannii/Lotus humistratus/Lotus junceus/Lotus micranthus/Lotus oblongifolius/Lotus salsuginosus/Lotus scoparius/Lotus stipularis/Lotus strigosus/Lotus uliginosus/Lotus wrangelianus/Lupinus adsurgens/Lupinus affinis/Lupinus albifrons/Lupinus arboreus/Lupinus bicolor/Lupinus breweri/Lupinus chamissonis/Lupinus formosus/Lupinus latifolius/Lupinus littoralis/Lupinus luteolus/Lupinus microcarpus/Lupinus milo-bakeri/Lupinus nanus/Lupinus pachylobus/Lupinus polyphyllus/Lupinus propinquus/Lupinus rivularis/Lupinus succulentus/Lupinus tidestromii/Lupinus variicolor/Medicago arabica/Medicago lupulina/Medicago polymorpha/Medicago praecox/Medicago sativa/Melilotus alba/Melilotus indicus/Melilotus officinalis/Pickeringia montana/Pisum sativum/Robinia pseudoacacia/Rupertia physodes/Senna multiglandulosa/Spartium junceum/Thermopsis macrophylla/Trifolium albopurpureum/Trifolium amoenum/Trifolium angustifolium/Trifolium arvense/Trifolium barbigerum/Trifolium bifidum/Trifolium buckwestiorum/Trifolium campestre/Trifolium cernuum/Trifolium ciliolatum/Trifolium depauperatum/Trifolium dubium/Trifolium fragiferum/Trifolium fucatum/Trifolium glomeratum/Trifolium gracilentum/Trifolium hirtum/Trifolium hybridum/Trifolium incarnatum/Trifolium macraei/Trifolium microcephalum/Trifolium microdon/Trifolium obtusiflorum/Trifolium oliganthum/Trifolium pratense/Trifolium repens/Trifolium subterraneum/Trifolium tomentosum/Trifolium variegatum/Trifolium willdenovii/Trifolium wormskioldii/Ulex europaeus/Vicia americana/Vicia benghalensis/Vicia cracca/Vicia faba/Vicia gigantea/Vicia hassei/Vicia hirsuta/Vicia lutea/Vicia sativa/Vicia tetrasperma/Vicia villosa/</p><p>New Zealand Poaceaed/Achnatherum petriei/Agrostis dyeri/Agrostis imbecilla/Agrostis magellanica/Agrostis muelleriana/Agrostis muscosa/Agrostis oresbia/Agrostis pallescens/Agrostis personata/Agrostis petriei/Agrostis subulata/Amphibromus fluitans/Anemanthele lessoniana/Arrhenatherum elatius/Australopyrum calcis/Austrofestuca littoralis/Austrostipa stipoides/Chionochloa acicularis/Chionochloa antarctica/Chionochloa australis/Chionochloa beddiei/Chionochloa bromoides/Chionochloa cheesemanii/Chionochloa conspicua/Chionochloa crassiuscula/Chionochloa defracta/Chionochloa flavescens/Chionochloa flavicans/Chionochloa juncea/Chionochloa lanea/Chionochloa macra/Chionochloa oreophila/Chionochloa ovata/Chionochloa pallens/Chionochloa rigida/Chionochloa rubra/Chionochloa spiralis/Chionochloa teretifolia/Chionochloa vireta/Cortaderia fluvida/Cortaderia richardii/Cortaderia splendens/Cortaderia toetoe/Cortaderia turbaria/Deschampsia cespitosa/Deschampsia chapmanii/Deschampsia gracillima/Deschampsia pusilla/Deschampsia tenella/Deyeuxia aucklandic/Deyeuxia avenoides/Deyeuxia lacustris/Deyeuxia </p><p>32 quadriseta/Deyeuxia youngii/Dichelachne crinita/Dichelachne inaequiglumis/Dichelachne lautumia/Dichelachne micrantha/Echinopogon ovatus/Elymus apricus/Elymus enysii/Elymus falcis/Elymus multiflorus/Elymus sacandros/Elymus solandri/Elymus tenuis/Festuca actae/Festuca contracta/Festuca coxii/Festuca deflexa/Festuca luciarum/Festuca madida/Festuca matthewsii/Festuca multinodis/Festuca novaezelandiae/Festuca ultramafica/Hierochloe brunonis/Hierochloe cuprea/Hierochloe equiseta/Hierochloe fusca/Hierochloe novaezelandiae/Hierochloe recurvata/Hierochloe redolens/Imperata cheesemanii/Isachne globosa/Koeleria cheesemanii/Koeleria novozelandica/Koeleria riguorum/Lachnagrostis ammobia/Lachnagrostis billardierei/Lachnagrostis elata/Lachnagrostis filiformis/Lachnagrostis glabra/Lachnagrostis leptostachys/Lachnagrostis littoralis/Lachnagrostis lyallii/Lachnagrostis pilosa/Lachnagrostis striata/Lachnagrostis tenuis/Lachnagrostis uda/Lepturus repens/Microlaena avenacea/Microlaena carsei/Microlaena polynoda/Microlaena stipoides/Nardus stricta/Oplismenus hirtellus/Poa acicularifolia/Poa anceps/Poa antipoda/Poa astonii/Poa aucklandica/Poa breviglumis/Poa buchananii/Poa celsa/Poa chathamica/Poa cita/Poa cockayneana/Poa colensoi/Poa cookii/Poa dispsacea/Poa foliosa/Poa hesperia/Poa imbecilla/Poa incrassata/Poa intrusa/Poa kirkii/Poa lindsayi/Poa litorosa/Poa maia/Poa maniototo/Poa matthewsii/Poa novaezelandiae/Poa pusilla/Poa pygmaea/Poa ramosissima/Poa schistacea/Poa senex/Poa spania/Poa sublimis/Poa subvestita/Poa sudicola/Poa tennantiana/Poa tonsa/Poa xenica/Puccinellia macquariensis/Puccinellia raroflorens/Puccinellia stricta/Puccinellia walkeri/Pyrrhanthera exigua/Rytidosperma australe/Rytidosperma biannulare/Rytidosperma buchananii/Rytidosperma clavatum/Rytidosperma corinum/Rytidosperma gracile/Rytidosperma maculatum/Rytidosperma merum/Rytidosperma nigricans/Rytidosperma nudum/Rytidosperma petrosum/Rytidosperma pulchrum/Rytidosperma pumilum/Rytidosperma setifolium/Rytidosperma tenue/Rytidosperma thomsonii/Rytidosperma unarede/Rytidosperma viride/Simplicia buchananii/Simplicia laxa/Spinifex sericeus/Stenostachys deceptorix/Stenostachys gracilis/Stenostachys laevis/Trisetum antarcticum/Trisetum arduanum/Trisetum drucei/Trisetum lasiorhachis/Trisetum lepidum/Trisetum serpentinum/Trisetum spicatum/Trisetum tenellum/Trisetum youngii/Zotovia acicularis/Zotovia colensoi/Zotovia thomsonii/Zoysia minima/Zoysia pauciflora/</p><p>33 References for Appendices</p><p>Burnham KP Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and inference: a practical information–theoretic approach. New York: Springer.</p><p>Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. (2000) Berkeley, California: The Calflora </p><p>Database. [WWW document]. URL http://www.calflora.org</p><p>Chenna R, Sugawara H, Koike T (2003) Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs. Nucleic Acids Research </p><p>31:3497–3500</p><p>Cooperrider TS (1995) The Vascular Flora of Ohio. The Dicotyledoneae of Ohio. Part 2. Linaceae through Campanulaceae. Ohio </p><p>State University Press, Columbus, Ohio, USA</p><p>Digital Atlas of Virginia. 2008. Virginia Tech University. [WWW document]. URL http://www.biol.vt.edu/digital_atlas</p><p>Edgar E, Connor HE (2000) Flora of New Zealand. Volume V. Gramineae. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand</p><p>Flora Europaea (2008) Database by the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. [WWW document]. URL http://rbg- web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html</p><p>Gould LL, Enser RW, Champlin RE, Stuckey IH (1998) Vascular Flora of Rhode Island: a list of native and naturalized plants. </p><p>Volume 1 of The Biota of Rhode Island. The Rhode Island Natural History Survey, Kingston, RI, USA.</p><p>Liogier HA, Martorell LF (1982) Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands a Systematic Synopsis. Second Edition. Editorial de la </p><p>Universidad de Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico</p><p>34 Marloth R (1925) The Flora of South Africa with synoptical tables of the genera of the higher plants. Darter Bros & Co., Capetown, </p><p>South Africa</p><p>Michigan Plants Online (2008) University of Michigan Species Database. [WWW document]. URL http://herbarium.lsa.umich.edu/website/michflora/onlinemaps.html</p><p>Molhenbrock RH (1986) Guide to the Vascular Flora of Illinois: revised and enlarged edition. Southern Illinois University Press, </p><p>Carbondale, Illinois, USA</p><p>Parker IM, Haubensak KA (2002) Comparative pollinator limitation of two non-native shrubs: do mutualisms influence invasions? </p><p>Oecologia 130:250–258</p><p>Posada D, Crandall KA (1998) Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14:817–818</p><p>Powell, K.I. and T.M. Knight. 2009. Effects of nutrient addition and competition on biomass of five Cirsium species (Asteraceae), including a serpentine endemic. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 170: 918-925.</p><p>Ross JH (1977) Flora of South Africa. Volume 16, Part 2. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agricultural Technical </p><p>Services</p><p>Swofford DL (1998) PAUP* Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and other methods), V. 4.0 beta 10. Sunderland: Sinauer </p><p>Associates</p><p>35 Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence massing, positions-specific gap penalties and mass matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research 22:4673–4680</p><p>Tyson Flora (2008) Tyson Flora. [WWW document]. URL http://www.biology.wustl.edu/tyson/flora.html</p><p>Weakley AS (1996) Flora of the Carolinas and Virginia. Working Draft of 23 May 1996. The Nature Conservancy, Chapel Hill, </p><p>North Carolina, USA</p><p>36</p>