Electronic Supplementary Material for a Phylogenetically Controlled Analysis of the Roles

Electronic Supplementary Material for "A phylogenetically controlled analysis of the

roles of reproductive traits in plant invasions"

Jean H. Burns, Tia-Lynn Ashman, Janette A. Steets, Alexandra Harmon-Threatt, and

Tiffany M. Knight

1 Online Appendix A. Focal species and phylogeny used in this study for the comparison of pollen limitation in native and introduced species (fig. 1A).

Fig 1A The cladogram phylogeny of the species used in this study to determine the relationships among autogamy, self-compatibility, asexual reproduction, pollen limitation, and invasion success. This phylogeny was not used in the calculation of

2 phylogenetic novelty (see Online Appendix B), but was used to control for phylogenetic relationships among focal species in this study. Branch lengths are not shown, but were incorporated in the analysis.

3 Online Appendix B. Phylogeny generation for phylogenetic novelty measures.

When possible, we used phylomatic to estimate the phylogeny for each native community, using the most recent angiosperm phylogeny from the angiosperm phylogeny website (following methods in Hill and Kotanen 2009; Webb & Donoghue

2005, Stevens 2009, Table 1B); however, some phylomatic phylogenies were insufficiently resolved to estimate relatedness to the nearest native neighbor, as detailed below. In these cases, we estimated the phylogeny using molecular data. The phylogenies we generated here, and used to estimate phylogenetic novelty, are deposited in TreeBASE (SN4438). First, species were chosen to include the most likely putative close relatives of the focal species. Most such sampling was within families and sometimes within genera. Second, the sequences were downloaded from GenBank (see

Accession numbers below) and aligned using Clustal W (Version 1.82, Thompson et al.

1994, Chenna et al. 2003) with the following parameters: IUB pairwise mass matrix, 10.0

Gap opening penalty, 6.66 gap extension penalty, 0.50 transition weighing, 8 gap separation distance, 40% identity for delay, and the end gap separation penalty off.

Third, ModelTest was used to select the best model for generating the maximum likelihood phylogeny (ModelTest Version 3.7; Posada and Crandall 1998) using Akiake's information criterion (AIC) (Burnham and Anderson 2002). Fourth, a phylogeny was estimated using maximum likelihood in PAUP version 4.0b10 (Swofford 1998) using a heuristic search algorithm with TBR branch swapping.

Non-parametric rate smoothing (NPRS) was conducted on all phylogenies in r8s

(Sanderson 1997) following Wikström et al. (2001) to scale the branch lengths. This method calibrates the phylogeny using fossil information, by fixing the split between

4 Fagales and Cucurbitales at 84 MYR, and then smoothing the remaining branch lengths following Sanderson (1997). The calibration was performed three times to check for local optima (sensu Wikström et al. 2001). The same scaling procedure was used throughout, such that branches were on the same scale across studies (approximate millions of years).

California Cirsium

To measure phylogenetic novelty of California Cirsium (KI Powell, unpublished data), we used the ITS data from Kelch and Baldwin (2003) (GenBank AF4436-- and

AF4437-- series), with outgroups chosen from Wikström et al. (2001), and rbcL data for three species, an Asteraceae, a Fagales, and a Cucurbitales (Brachylaena huillensis

EU213449, Casuarina equisetifolia AY263930 and Cucurbita ficifolia DQ535804).

Branch lengths were not available from published phylogenies, so the combined ITS and rbcL data were reanalyzed. ModelTest (version 3.7) with AIC was used to choose a GTR

+ I +  model. A maximum likelihood analysis was used to generate a phylogeny with branch lengths (Paup version 4.0, beta 10) with Fagales and Cucurbitales as outgroups

(Kelch and Baldwin 2003). The likelihood search found five most likely trees with a likelihood score of 5213.08901. Then non-parametric rate smoothing (NPRS) was conducted in r8s (Sanderson 1997) following Wikström et al. (2001) to scale the branch lengths. Phylogenetic novelty was estimated across all five most likely trees for Cirsium vulgare, which we get by adding the branch lengths for between Cirsium vulgare and its closest relative in this community, C. arvense (Fig. 1B). Cirsium vulgare was sister to C. arvense across all five most likely phylogenies, and the error in the estimate of phylogenetic novelty was SD = 1.3MY.

5 Fig 1B Maximum likelihood phylogeny (one randomly chosen tree out of five) with a likelihood of 5213.08901. Phylogenetic novelty was calculated as the sum of the branch lengths between the introduced species Cirsium vulgare and its closest native neighbor in this community, C. arvense (42 + 3.7 = 45.7). This is the only species for which there was variation in the estimate of phylogenetic novelty across trees. Different estimates did not influence the relationship between phylogenetic novelty and pollen limitation.

6 Orchidaceae

There was insufficient resolution in the phylomatic phylogeny for Orchidaceae in

Puerto Rico to calculate phylogenetic novelty for Oeceoclades maculata. We therefore used rbcL and matK sequences from GenBank (matK: EF079333, EU490678,

AY396097, AY396093, EF065598, EU214315, AY869965, EU214321, AY557203,

AM900818, EU490681, AF239508, EU214160, AY368404, EU490690, AJ519450,

EU490691, EU214167, EU214239, AY368408, EU490695, EU214358, AY147238,

AF263761, AF350627, EU490696, EU214362, AY870004, EF079194, EU214376,

AF265487, AB366617, EU214178, EU214179, EU214411, AM902109, EU214415,

EF079260, EU214183, AM902105, DQ091313, EU214186, AM900808, AY396092,

EU490706, EU490711, EU214491, AJ543932, AY396094, AF350614, AF265476,

AY368433, AF263687, AY368434, rbcL: AF074111, AF518025, AF518069, D58405,

AF074136, AJ542419, AJ542425, AF074144, AF074149, AF074150, AF074156,

AJ519446, AF518062, AF518060, EU213468, AF074171, AF074175, AF074177,

AF518029, AF518031, AF074182, AY368362, AF518046, AF074185, AF074188,

AJ542436, AY368366, AF264171, AJ542423, AF518042, AJ542417, AJ519445,

AF518067, AF074229, AY381135, AF074236, AF074240) for each genus, rooted using

Casuarina riparia (AY191713) and Cucurbita pepo (DQ536666). ModelTest chose the

GTR+I+G model with an AIC of 37992.6016. A maximum likelihood tree search found a single most likely tree with a likelihood of 18393.14980 (Fig. 2B).

7 Fig 2B Maximum likelihood phylogeny for the Puerto Rico Orchidaceae used to estimate phylogenetic novelty. The phylogenetic distance between Oeceoclades and its nearest neighbor, Eulophia, is 20.9 + 8.6 = 29.5 MY.

Brassicaceae

8 There was insufficient resolution in the phylomatic phylogeny for Brassicaceae to determine the relationship of Raphanus to native Brassicaceae. No TreeBASE alignment was available that contained Raphanus sativus, for either the California Brassicaceae or the Illinois Brassicaceae. For the Illinois Brassicaceae, we therefore used GenBank sequences for rbcL (EF590570, DQ310542, AF020323, AY167981, AF020324,

NC_009272, D88906, AF020325, AF020328) and matK (EF590417, AF144350,

AY994191, NC_009272, NC_009273, AY483225, AF174530) to resolve the phylogeny, rooted with Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae, DQ536666) and Casuarina equisetifolia

(Casuarinaceae, AY263930). ModelTest chose the TVM+G model with an AIC of

27713.3848. A single most likely tree was recovered with a likelihood score of

13810.49725 (Fig. 3B).

9 Fig 3B Single most likely phylogeny for the Illinois Brassicaceae. Raphanus raphanistrum was related to several other species with a phylogenetic distance of 0.7 +

18.7 = 19.4 MY.

A phylogeny was also generated for the California Brassicaceae also using rbcL

(EF590571, DQ310542, AP009370, AF020324, NC_009272, AY167980, D88906,

AF020328, AY167982, AY483263, AY263930, DQ535804, EF590571, DQ310542,

AP009370, AF020324, NC_009272, AY167980, D88906, AF020328, AY167982,

AY483263, AY263930, DQ535804) and matK (AF144333, AF144346, DQ409262,

AF144355, AF144366, AY483226, AF144360, AF174531, EF590418, DQ536666,

AP009370, NC_009272). ModelTest chose a TVM+G model with an AIC score of

21135.7520. A maximum likelihood search found a single most likely tree with a score of 10438.42313 (Fig. 4B).

10 Fig 4B The single most likely phylogeny for Raphanus sativus in California.

Phylogenetic novelty for this species was 51.9 + 5.9 + 16.8 = 74.6 MY.

Caryophyllaceae: Silene

Silene was unresolved in the phylomatic phylogeny for Virginia Caryophyllaceae, and no GenBank sequences were available for Silene alba, therefore the estimate of 11.33

(based on the sum of the branch lengths to the nearest native neighbor) for phylogenetic novelty of Silene alba, based on the phylomatic phylogeny, may be an overestimate.

11 Table 1B Definitions of the native community for each invasive species, used in the calculation of phylogenetic novelty.

Species Study reference Native community Source for Flora reference Phylogenetic novelty Species included in Method of TreeBASE

location native (estimates across most phylogeny phylogeny accession

community likely phylogenies, when generation number

there was more than one) Barbarea Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 37.3 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NAa vulgaris al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora

Co., Missouri, USA Caesalpinia Rambuda and KwaZulu-Natal, Flora of South Ross 1977 12.0 Caesalpinia bonduc Phylomatic NA decapetala Johnson 2004 South Africa Africa Caesalpinia pearsonii

Caesalpinia rubra

Caesalpinia rostrata

Caesalpinia decapetala Canna indica Rambuda and KwaZulu-Natal, The Flora of Marloth 1925 3.0 Aloe africana Phylomatic NA

Johnson 2004 South Africa South Africa Andropogon contortus

Aponogeton distachyus

Barbacenia retinervis

Burmannia

inhambanensis

Canna indica

Carpha glomerata

Commelina africana

Disa uniflora

Elegia juncea

12 Eriocaulon subulatum

Flagellaria indica

Heteranthera

kotschyana

Jubaeopsis caffra

Kaempferia natalensis

Lagarosiphon

muscoides

Lanaria plumosa

Lemna minor

Moraea polystachya

Najas interrupta

Nerine sarniensis

Prionium serratum

Strelitzia reginae

Testudinaria multiflora

Triglochin bulbosum

Typha capensis

Xyris natalensis

Zantedeschia rehmanni Cirsium vulgare Powell and Knight Pt. Reyes National Calflora Calflora 2000 Mean = 45.1 Californian Cirsium ITS and rbcL SN4438-

2009 Seashore, database (42.8, 45.7, 45.7, 45.7, (Fig. 1B) 22206

California, USA 45.7) Commelina Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 24.7 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA

13 communis al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora

Co., Missouri, USA Convolvulus Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 24.3 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA arvensis al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora

Co., Missouri, USA Cytisus Parker and Marin County, CA, Calflora Calflora 2000 4.1 Marin Co. Fabaceaec Phylomatic NA scoparius Haubensak 2002 USA database

Dianthus Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 23.3 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA armeria al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora

Co., Missouri, USA Genista Parker and Marin County, CA, Calflora Calflora 2000 6.0 Marin Co. Fabaceaec Phylomatic NA monspessulana Haubensak 2002 USA database

Lilium Rambuda and KwaZulu-Natal, The Flora of Marloth 1925 27.3 Lilium formosanum Phylomatic NA formosanum Johnson 2004 South Africa South Africa Behnia reticulata

Asparagus capensis

Gasteria nitida

Apicra foliolosa

Haworthia viscosa

Aloe dichotoma

Massonia pustulata

Lachenalia rubida

Drimia haworthioides

Kniphofia tabularis

Urginea filifolia

14 Tulbaghia alliacea

Eriospermum latifolium

Bulbine minima

Albuca major

Ornithogalum aureum

Hyacinthus corymbosus

Wurmbea capensis

Ornithoglossum viride

Dipidax ciliata

Androcymbium

leucanthum

Wachendorfia

paniculata

Dilatris viscosa Lonicera Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 23.3 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA japonica al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora

Co., Missouri, USA Lonicera Goodell and Iler Ohio, USA The Vascular Cooperrider 1995 22.7 Diervilla lonicera Phylomatic NA maackii 2007 Flora of Ohio Lonicera villosa

Lonicera canadensis

Lonicera oblongifolia

Lonicera maackii

Lonicera sempervirens

Lonicera dioica

15 Lonicera flava

Lonicera prolifera

Symphoricarpos albus

Symphoricarpos

orbiculatus

Linnaea borealis

Triosteum perfoliatum

Triosteum

angustifolium

Viburnum alnifolium

Viburnum cassinoides

Viburnum lentago

Viburnum prunifolium

Viburnum rufidulum

Viburnum

rafinesquianum

Viburnum molle

Viburnum dentatum

Viburnum recognitum

Viburnum acerifolium

Viburnum opulus

Sambucus canadensis

Sambucus pubens Nardus stricta Kissling et al. 2006 Canterbury, New Flora of New Edgar and Connor 15.0 New Zealand Poaceaed Phylomatic NA

16 Zealand Zealand 2000

Nepeta cataria Sih and Baltus Kellogg Biological Michigan Plants Michigan Plants 20.3 Clinopodium vulgare Phylomatic NA

1987 Station, Michigan, Online Online 2008, Glechoma hederacea

USA USDA 2007 Lamium purpureum

Leonurus cardiaca

Lycopus americanus

Lycopus uniflorus

Marrubium vulgare

Mentha arvensis

Mentha spicata

Monarda fistulosa

Monarda punctata

Nepeta cataria

Prunella vulgaris

Pycnanthemum

virginianum

Scutellaria galericulata

Scutellaria lateriflora

Scutellaria parvula

Stachys hyssopifolia Oeceoclades González-Díaz Puerto Rico Flora of Puerto Liogier and 29.5 Puerto Rican rbcL and matK SN4438- maculata Ackerman 1988 Rico Martorell 1982 Orchidaceae (Fig. 2B) 22207

Oenothera Rambuda and KwaZulu-Natal, The Flora of Marloth 1925 23.7 Epilobium sp Phylomatic NA

17 biennis Johnson 2004 South Africa South Africa Jussieua sp

Ludwigia sp

Oenothera biennis

Oenothera odorata

Onagra sp

Trapa sp

Xylopleurum sp Potentilla recta Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 23.7 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA

al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora

Co., Missouri, USA Prunus mahaleb Guittian 1993 Iberian peninsula, European flora Flora Europaea 23.7 Agrimonia eupatoria Phylomatic NA

Spain 2008 Prunus acida

Prunus amygdalus

Prunus armeniaca

Prunus mahaleb Raphanus Pfennig and Illinois, USA Guide to the Molhenbrock 1986 19.4 Illinois Brassicaceae rbcL and matK SN4438- raphanistrum Conner 1997 Vascular Flora (Fig. 3B) 22208

of Illinois: Raphanus Stanton 1987 California, USA Calflora Calflora 2000 74.6 California Brassicaceae rbcL and matK Matrix sativus database (Fig. 4B) SN4438-

22209 Senna Rambuda and KwaZulu-Natal, The Flora of Marloth 1925 2.0 Abrus precatorius Phylomatic NA didymobotrya Johnson 2004 South Africa South Africa Acacia karroo

Afzelia quazensis

Amphithalea ericifolia

18 Argyrolobium

andrewsianum

Aspalathus laricifolia

Borbonia cordata

Cassia obovata

Crotalaria capensis

Cyclopia genistoides

Dolichos gibbosus

Erythrina humeana

Fagelia bituminosa

Indigofera cytisoides

Liparia sphaerica

Podalyria calxptrata

Priestleya villosa

Psoralea aculeata

Psoralea aphylla

Pterocarpus erinaceus

Schotia latifolia

Senna didymobotrya

Sutherlandia frutescens

Virgilia capensis Silene alba Alexander 1987 Virginia, USA Digital Atlas of Digital Atlas of 11.3 Arenaria lanuginosa Phylomatic NA

Virginia Virginia 2008 Arenaria serpyllifolia

19 Cerastium arvense

Cerastium brachypodum

Cerastium nutans

Honckenya peploides

Minuartia caroliniana

Minuartia glabra

Minuartia godfreyi

Minuartia groenlandica

Minuartia michauxii

Minuartia patula

Minuartia uniflora

Minuartia cumberlandensis

Moehringia lateriflora

Paronychia americana

Paronychia argyrocoma

Paronychia baldwinii

Paronychia canadensis

Paronychia fastigiata

Paronychia

20 herniarioides

Paronychia montana

Paronychia virginica

Sagina decumbens

Silene caroliniana

Silene latifolia

Silene nivea

Silene ovata

Silene rotundifolia

Silene stellata

Silene virginica

Stellaria corei

Stellaria longifolia

Stellaria prostrata

Stellaria pubera

Stipulicida setacea

Silene latifolia Wolfe and Blair Virginia, USA Flora of the Weakley 1996 22.7 Arenaria lanuginosa Phylomatic NA

unpublished Carolina and Arenaria serpyllifolia

Virginia Cerastium arvense

Cerastium

brachypodum

Cerastium nutans

21 Honckenya peploides

Minuartia caroliniana

Minuartia glabra

Minuartia godfreyi

Minuartia groenlandica

Minuartia michauxii

Minuartia patula

Minuartia uniflora

Minuartia cumberlandensis

Moehringia lateriflora

Paronychia americana

Paronychia argyrocoma

Paronychia baldwinii

Paronychia canadensis

Paronychia fastigiata

Paronychia herniarioides

Paronychia montana

Paronychia virginica

Sagina decumbens

22 Silene caroliniana

Silene latifolia

Silene nivea

Silene ovata

Silene rotundifolia

Silene stellata

Silene virginica

Stellaria corei

Stellaria longifolia

Stellaria prostrata

Stellaria pubera

Stipulicida setacea Spartina Bertness and Rhode Island, USA Flora of Rhode Gould et al. 1998 6.0 Agrostis hyemalis Phylomatic NA alterniflora Shumway 1992, Island Agrostis perennans

Davis et al (2004) Alopecurus aequalis

Ammophila

breviligulata

Andropogon gerardii

Andropogon

virginicus2

Aristida dichotoma

Aristida longespica

Aristida oligantha

Aristida purpurascens2

23 Brachyelytrum erectum

Bromus ciliatus

Bromus pubescens

Calamagrostis canadensis2

Calamagrostis cinnoides

Cenchrus longispinus

Cinna arundinaea

Danthonia compressa

Danthonia spicata

Deschampsia cespitosa

Deschampsia flexuosa

Digitaria filiformis

Distichlis spicata2

Echinochloa muricata

Echinochloa walteri

Elymus hystrix

Elymus riparius

Elymus villosus

Elymus virginicus

Eragrostis capillaris

Eragrostis pectinacea

24 Eragrostis spectabilis

Festuca pratensis

Festuca rubra

Glyceria acutiflora

Glyceria borealis

Glyceria canadensis

Glyceria grandis

Glyceria obtusa

Glyceria septentrionalis

Glyceria striata

Hierochloe odorata

Hordeum jubatum

Leersia oryzoides

Leersia virginica

Leptochloa fascicularis

Muhlenbergia frondosa

Muhlenbergia glomerata

Muhlenbergia mexicana

Muhlenbergia schreberi

25 Muhlenbergia sobolifera

Muhlenbergia sylvatica

Muhlenbergia tenuiflora

Muhlenbergia uniflora

Oryzopsis asperifolia

Oryzopsis pungens

Oryzopsis racemosa

Panicum amarum

Panicum capillare

Panicum clandestinum

Panicum columbianum

Panicum commutatum

Panicum depauperatum

Panicum dichotomiflorum

Panicum dichotomum

Panicum lanuginosum

Panicum latifolium

Panicum leucothrix

Panicum linearifolium

Panicum longiflolium

26 Panicum oligosanthes

Panicum philadelphicum

Panicum rigidulum

Panicum scabriusculum

Panicum scoparium

Panicum sphaerocarpon

Panicum spretum

Panicum verrucosum

Panicum villosissimum

Panicum virgatum

Panicum wrightianum

Paspalum setaceum

Phalaris arundinacea

Phragmites australis

Piptochaetium avenaceum

Poa languida

Poa paulustris

Puccinellia fasciculata

Puccinellia maritima

27 Puccinellia pallida

Puccinellia pumila

Schizachne purpurascens

Schizachyrium scoparium2

Setaria geniculata

Setaria magna

Sorghastrum nutans

Spartina alterniflora

Spartina caespitosa

Spartina cynosuroides

Spartina patens

Spartina pectinata

Sphenopholis nitida

Sphenopholis obtusata

Sphenopholis pensylvanica

Sporobolus asper

Sporobolus cryptandrus

Sporobolus vaginiflorus

28 Stipa comata

Tridens flavus

Triplasis purpurea

Tripsacum dactyloides

Vulpia octoflora

Zizania aquatica Verbascum Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 20.3 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA blattaria al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora

Co., Missouri, USA Vicia villosa Harmon-Threatt et Tyson Research Tyson Research Tyson Flora 2008 10.0 Tyson Florab Phylomatic NA

al. 2009 Center, St. Louis Center Flora

Co., Missouri, USA aSubmissions to TreeBASE are only accepted when a corresponding data matrix is available. For phylomatic phylogenies, see the angiosperm phylogeny website (Stevens 2009). bTyson Flora:/Abutilon theophrasti /Achillea millefolium /Achillea millefolium/Actaea pachypoda /Agalinis gattingeri /Agalinis tenuifolia/Agalinis viridis/Agastache nepetoides /Agrimonia pubescens/Agrimonia rostellata /Agrostis hyemalis/Agrostis perennans /Ailanthus altissima/Alisma triviale/Alliaria petiolata /Allium canadense /Allium stellatum/Allium vineale/Ambrosia artemisiifolia

/Ambrosia trifida /Amelanchier arborea /Amorpha canescens/Ampelopsis cordata /Amphicarpaea bracteata/Amsonia ciliata /Andropogon gerardii /Andropogon virginicus /Androsace occidentalis/Anemone canadensis/Anemone virginiana/Anemonella thalictroides /Antennaria plantaginifolia /Aplectrum hyemale/Apocynum cannabinum /Aquilegia canadensis/Arabidopsis thaliana

/Arabis canadensis/Arabis laevigata /Arabis shortii/Arctium minus/Arenaria serpyllifolia/Arisaema dracontium /Arisaema triphyllum /Aristolochia tomentosa /Artemisia dracunculus/Aruncus dioicus/Asarum canadense/Asclepias incarnata /Asclepias purpurascens /Asclepias quadrifolia /Asclepias syriaca /Asclepias tuberosa/Asclepias verticillata /Asclepias viridiflora /Asclepias viridis

/Asimina triloba/Aster anomalus /Aster brachyactis /Aster cordifolius /Aster drummondii/Aster ericoides/Aster fragilis/Aster lanceolatus/Aster lanceolatus/Aster lateriflorus /Aster linariifolius /Aster novaeangliae /Aster oblongifolius /Aster ontarionis /Aster parviceps /Aster patens /Aster pilosus /Aster turbinellus/Aster urophyllus/Astragalus crassicarpus /Aureolaria grandiflora/Aureolaria pectinata /Bacopa rotundifolia /Baptisia australis/Baptisia bracteata/Barbarea vulgaris/Berberis thunbergii/Bidens aristosa /Bidens frondosa/Blephilia ciliata/Blephilia hirsuta/Boehmeria cylindrica

/Bouteloua curtipendula /Brickellia eupatorioides /Bromus japonicus /Bromus pubescens /Bromus tectorum/Buglossoides arvense /Bumelia lanuginosa /Cacalia atriplicifolia /Cacalia muhlenbergii/Calylophus serrulatus /Calystegia sepium /Camassia scilloides/Campanula americana/Campsis radicans/Capsella bursapastoris /Cardamine concatenata /Cardamine parviflora/Carduus nutans/Carex albicans /Carex complanata /Carex flaccosperma /Carex frankii/Carex lurida/Carex muhlenbergii/Carex shortiana/Carex umbellata/Carya cordiformis /Carya glabra/Carya ovata /Carya

29 texana /Carya tomentosa/Ceanothus americanus /Celastrus scandens /Celtis occidentalis/Celtis tenuifolia/Centaurea cyanus/Cerastium fontanum /Cerastium pumilum /Ceratophyllum demersum

/Cercis canadensis/Chamaecrista fasciculata /Chamaecrista nictitans /Chamaesyce maculata /Chamaesyce nutans/Chasmanthium latifolium /Cichorium intybus /Circaea lutetiana/Cirsium altissimum /Cirsium discolor/Cirsium vulgare/Claytonia virginica/Clematis terniflora /Clematis versicolor /Clematis virginiana/Collinsia verna/Comandra umbellata/Commelina communis

/Commelina erecta/Convolvulus arvensis/Conyza canadensis/Corallorhiza odontorhiza /Corallorhiza wisteriana /Coreopsis lanceolata /Coreopsis palmata /Coreopsis tripteris /Cornus alternifolia

/Cornus drummondii/Cornus florida/Cornus foemina/Corydalis flavula /Corylus americana/Crataegus crusgalli /Crataegus pruinosa /Crotalaria sagittalis /Croton glandulosus/Croton monanthogynus /Cunila origanoides /Cuphea viscosissima /Cynoglossum virginianum/Cyperus echinatus /Cyperus strigosus /Dactylis glomerata /Dalea candida /Dalea purpurea /Danthonia spicata

/Dasistoma macrophylla /Datura stramonium /Daucus carota/Daucus pusillus/Delphinium tricorne /Descurainia pinnata/Desmanthus illinoensis /Desmodium cuspidatum /Desmodium glutinosum

/Desmodium laevigatum /Desmodium nudiflorum/Desmodium obtusum/Desmodium paniculatum/Desmodium pauciflorum /Desmodium rotundifolium /Dianthus armeria /Dicentra cucullaria/Diodia teres /Dioscorea villosa/Diospyros virginiana/Dirca palustris/Dodecatheon meadia/Draba brachycarpa /Draba cuneifolia /Draba verna/Echinacea simulata /Eclipta prostrata /Elephantopus carolinianus /Elymus canadensis/Elymus hystrix /Elymus villosa/Elymus virginicus/Erechtites hieracifolia /Erigenia bulbosa /Erigeron annuus /Erigeron philadelphicus /Erigeron pulchellus /Erigeron strigosus/Erigeron tenuis/Eryngium yuccifolium /Erysimum capitatum /Erythronium albidum/Euonymus atropurpureus/Eupatorium altissimum/Eupatorium coelestinum/Eupatorium perfoliatum/Eupatorium purpureum /Eupatorium rugosum /Eupatorium serotinum /Euphorbia commutata /Euphorbia corollata /Euphorbia cyathophora /Euphorbia dentata/Fragaria virginiana/Fraxinus americana/Fraxinus pennsylvanica/Galium aparine/Galium circaezans/Galium tinctorium/Gaura longiflora/Geranium carolinianum/Geranium maculatum/Geum canadense/Geum laciniatum /Geum vernum /Gillenia stipulata /Glandularia canadensis12 /Glechoma hederacea/Gleditsia triacanthos/Gnaphalium obtusifolium /Gratiola neglecta/Gymnocladus dioica/Hedeoma pulegioides/Hedyotis crassifolia /Hedyotis longifolia/Hedyotis nigricans /Helenium autumnale /Helianthus divaricatus /Helianthus hirsutus /Helianthus rigidus /Helianthus tuberosus/Heliopsis helianthoides/Hemerocallis fulva/Heterotheca latifolia/Heuchera americana7 /Heuchera richardsonii /Hibiscus lasiocarpos /Hieracium gronovii/Holosteum umbellatum/Hordeum pusillum /Hybanthus concolor /Hydrangea arborescens /Hydrastis canadensis/Hymenopappus scabiosaeus /Hypericum perforatum /Hypericum prolificum /Hypericum pseudomaculatum /Hypericum punctatum /Hypericum sphaerocarpum /Hypoxis hirsuta /Ilex decidua /Impatiens capensis/Impatiens pallida/Ipomoea hederacea /Ipomoea pandurata /Iresine rhizomatosa/Iris germanica /Iris pallida/Iris virginica/Isopyrum biternatum /Juglans cinerea /Juglans nigra /Juniperus virginiana/Krigia biflora /Kummerowia stipulacea/Kummerowia striata/Lactuca canadensis /Lactuca floridana/Lactuca floridana /Lactuca floridana/Lactuca ludoviciana /Lactuca saligna /Lactuca serriola /Lamium amplexicaule/Lamium purpureum/Lechea tenuifolia/Leonurus cardiaca /Lepidium campestre/Lepidium virginicum

/Lespedeza cuneata /Lespedeza hirta/Lespedeza procumbens /Lespedeza repens /Lespedeza violacea/Lespedeza virginica/Leucanthemum vulgare/Liatris aspera/Lilium michiganense/Lindera benzoin/Lithospermum canescens/Lobelia inflata/Lobelia siphilitica/Lobelia spicata/Lonicera japonica/Lonicera morrowii/Lotus corniculatus/Ludwigia palustris/Maianthemum racemosum/Malus ioensis/Manfreda virginica/Matelea decipiens/Matelea obliqua/Matricaria recutita/Medicago sativa/Melilotus albus/Melilotus officinale/Melissa officianalis/Menispermum canadense/Mentha

30 arvensis/Mentha spicata/Mertensia virginica/Mimulus alatus/Mirabilis nyctaginea/Monarda bradburiana/Monarda fistulosa/Morus rubra/Muhlenbergia sobolifera/Myosotis verna/Myriophyllum heterophyllum/Narcissus poeticus/Nothoscordum bivalve/Oenothera biennis/Oenothera laciniata/Oenothera macrocarpa/Oenothera pilosella/Opuntia humifusa/Orbexilum onobrychis/Orbexilum pedunculatum/Ornithogalum umbellatum/Orobanche ludoviciana/Orobanche uniflora/Ostrya virginiana/Oxalis corniculata/Oxalis stricta/Oxalis violacea/Panicum acuminatum/Panicum boscii/Panicum linearifolium/Parthenium hispidum/Parthenium integrifolium/Parthenocissus quinquefolia/Penstemon digitalis/Penstemon pallidus/Perilla frutescens/Phlox divaricata/Phlox pilosa/Phryma leptostachya /Phyla lanceolata/Phyllanthus caroliniensis/Physalis longifolia/Physostegia virginiana/Phytolacca americana/Pilea pumila/Plantago aristata/Plantago lanceolata/Plantago major/Plantago rugelii/Plantago virginica/Platanus occidentalis/Poa pratensis/Podophyllum peltatum/Polemonium reptans/Polygonatum biflorum/Polygonatum biflorum2/Polygonum aviculare/Polygonum convolvulus/Polygonum hydropiper/Polygonum hydropiperoides/Polygonum lapathifolium/Polygonum pensylvanicum/Polygonum persicaria/Polygonum punctatum/Polygonum scandens/Polygonum virginianum/Polytaenia nuttallii/Populus deltoides/Potamogeton pectinatus/Potentilla nicolletii/Potentilla norvegica/Potentilla recta/Potentilla simplex/Prenanthes altissima2

/Prunella vulgaris/Prunus americana6/Prunus angustifolia/Prunus mexicana/Prunus munsoniana/Prunus persica/Prunus serotina/Psoralidium tenuiflorum/Ptelea trifoliata/Pycnanthemum albescens/Pycnanthemum pilosum/Pycnanthemum tenuifolium/Quercus alba/Quercus imbricaria/Quercus marilandica/Quercus muehlenbergii/Quercus rubra/Quercus stellata/Quercus velutina

/Ranunculus abortivus /Ranunculus fascicularis /Ranunculus harveyi /Ranunculus hispidus/Ranunculus hispidus/Ranunculus micranthus/Ranunculus sceleratus /Ratibida pinnata/Rhamnus caroliniana /Rhamnus lanceolata/Rhus aromatica/Rhus copallina/Rhus glabra/Ribes missouriense /Robinia pseudoacacia /Rorippa nasturtium/Rosa canina/Rosa carolina/Rosa multiflora/Rubus allegheniensis/Rubus flagellaris/Rubus occidentalis/Rubus orarius/Rudbeckia fulgida /Rudbeckia hirta/Rudbeckia missouriensis/Rudbeckia triloba/Ruellia humilis/Ruellia strepens /Rumex acetosella

/Rumex altissimus /Rumex crispus /Rumex hastatulus /Sabatia angularis/Sagittaria calycina/Sagittaria latifolia/Salix exigua/Salix nigra/Salvia azurea/Sambucus canadensis/Sanguinaria canadensis/Sanicula canadensis/Saponaria officinalis/Sassafras albidum/Saxifraga pennsylvanica/Schizachyrium scoparium /Scirpus atrovirens /Scrophularia marilandica/Scutellaria incana

/Scutellaria ovata/Scutellaria parvula /Senecio aureus/Senecio obovatus/Senecio plattensis/Senna marilandica /Setaria parviflora/Setaria pumila /Sicyos angulatus /Sida spinosa /Silene regia/Silene stellata /Silphium integrifolium/Silphium perfoliatum/Silphium terebinthinaceum/Sisyrinchium angustifolium/Sisyrinchium campestre /Smilax hispida/Smilax lasioneuron /Smilax pulverulenta /Solanum carolinense/Solidago altissima/Solidago drummondii/Solidago flexicaulis/Solidago gigantea /Solidago hispida/Solidago nemoralis /Solidago petiolaris/Solidago radula/Solidago ulmifolia/Sorghastrum nutans /Spiranthes lacera/Spiranthes tuberosa/Stachys tenuifolia/Staphylea trifolia /Stellaria media/Strophostyles helvula/Stylophorum diphyllum/Stylosanthes biflora/Swertia caroliniensis/Symphoricarpos orbiculatus /Symplocarpus foetidus /Taenidia integerrima /Talinum calycinum /Taraxacum erythrospermum/Taraxacum officinale/Tephrosia virginiana/Teucrium canadense/Thaspium barbinode/Thlaspi perfoliatum/Tilia americana/Torilis arvensis/Toxicodendron radicans/Tradescantia ohiensis/Tragopogon dubius/Tragopogon pratensis/Trichostema brachiatum

/Tridens flavus/Trifolium campestre/Trifolium dubium/Trifolium pratense /Trifolium repens2 /Trillium recurvatum /Trillium viride/Triodanis perfoliata /Triosteum perfoliatum4 /Typha latifolia3 /Ulmus americana8 /Ulmus rubra3/Uvularia grandiflora/Vaccaria hispanica /Vaccinium pallidum/Vaccinium stamineum /Valerianella radiata/Verbascum blattaria/Verbascum thapsus/Verbena hastata

31 /Verbena simplex2/Verbena stricta2/Verbena urticifolia /Verbesin alternifolia/Verbesina helianthoides/Vernonia baldwinii/Vernonia missurica/Veronica arvensis4 /Veronica serpyllifolia2/Veronicastrum virginicum2/Viburnum prunifolium /Viburnum rufidulum /Vicia villosa/Viola missouriensis2 /Viola pedata /Viola pubescens3/Viola rafinesquii /Viola sororia/Viola striata2/Viola triloba3/Vitis aestivalis /Vitis cinerea2 /Vitis vulpina/Vulpia octoflora /Wisteria frutescens /Zizia aurea

Marin Co. Fabaceaec/Acacia baileyana/Acacia dealbata/Acacia decurrens/Acacia longifolia/Acacia melanoxylon/Acacia paradoxa/Acacia retinodes/Acacia verticillata/Albizia lophantha/Amorpha californica/Astragalus breweri/Astragalus didymocarpus/Astragalus gambelianus/Astragalus lentiginosus/Astragalus nuttallii/Astragalus pycnostachyus/Astragalus tener/Chamaecytisus proliferus/Colutea arborescens/Cytisus scoparius/Cytisus striatus/Genista monspessulana/Glycyrrhiza lepidota/Hoffmannseggia glauca/Hoita macrostachya/Hoita orbicularis/Lathyrus angulatus/Lathyrus aphaca/Lathyrus jepsonii/Lathyrus latifolius/Lathyrus littoralis/Lathyrus odoratus/Lathyrus polyphyllus/Lathyrus sphaericus/Lathyrus tingitanus/Lathyrus torreyi/Lathyrus vestitus/Lotus purshianus/Lotus angustissimus/Lotus benthamii/Lotus corniculatus/Lotus crassifolius/Lotus formosissimus/Lotus grandiflorus/Lotus heermannii/Lotus humistratus/Lotus junceus/Lotus micranthus/Lotus oblongifolius/Lotus salsuginosus/Lotus scoparius/Lotus stipularis/Lotus strigosus/Lotus uliginosus/Lotus wrangelianus/Lupinus adsurgens/Lupinus affinis/Lupinus albifrons/Lupinus arboreus/Lupinus bicolor/Lupinus breweri/Lupinus chamissonis/Lupinus formosus/Lupinus latifolius/Lupinus littoralis/Lupinus luteolus/Lupinus microcarpus/Lupinus milo-bakeri/Lupinus nanus/Lupinus pachylobus/Lupinus polyphyllus/Lupinus propinquus/Lupinus rivularis/Lupinus succulentus/Lupinus tidestromii/Lupinus variicolor/Medicago arabica/Medicago lupulina/Medicago polymorpha/Medicago praecox/Medicago sativa/Melilotus alba/Melilotus indicus/Melilotus officinalis/Pickeringia montana/Pisum sativum/Robinia pseudoacacia/Rupertia physodes/Senna multiglandulosa/Spartium junceum/Thermopsis macrophylla/Trifolium albopurpureum/Trifolium amoenum/Trifolium angustifolium/Trifolium arvense/Trifolium barbigerum/Trifolium bifidum/Trifolium buckwestiorum/Trifolium campestre/Trifolium cernuum/Trifolium ciliolatum/Trifolium depauperatum/Trifolium dubium/Trifolium fragiferum/Trifolium fucatum/Trifolium glomeratum/Trifolium gracilentum/Trifolium hirtum/Trifolium hybridum/Trifolium incarnatum/Trifolium macraei/Trifolium microcephalum/Trifolium microdon/Trifolium obtusiflorum/Trifolium oliganthum/Trifolium pratense/Trifolium repens/Trifolium subterraneum/Trifolium tomentosum/Trifolium variegatum/Trifolium willdenovii/Trifolium wormskioldii/Ulex europaeus/Vicia americana/Vicia benghalensis/Vicia cracca/Vicia faba/Vicia gigantea/Vicia hassei/Vicia hirsuta/Vicia lutea/Vicia sativa/Vicia tetrasperma/Vicia villosa/

New Zealand Poaceaed/Achnatherum petriei/Agrostis dyeri/Agrostis imbecilla/Agrostis magellanica/Agrostis muelleriana/Agrostis muscosa/Agrostis oresbia/Agrostis pallescens/Agrostis personata/Agrostis petriei/Agrostis subulata/Amphibromus fluitans/Anemanthele lessoniana/Arrhenatherum elatius/Australopyrum calcis/Austrofestuca littoralis/Austrostipa stipoides/Chionochloa acicularis/Chionochloa antarctica/Chionochloa australis/Chionochloa beddiei/Chionochloa bromoides/Chionochloa cheesemanii/Chionochloa conspicua/Chionochloa crassiuscula/Chionochloa defracta/Chionochloa flavescens/Chionochloa flavicans/Chionochloa juncea/Chionochloa lanea/Chionochloa macra/Chionochloa oreophila/Chionochloa ovata/Chionochloa pallens/Chionochloa rigida/Chionochloa rubra/Chionochloa spiralis/Chionochloa teretifolia/Chionochloa vireta/Cortaderia fluvida/Cortaderia richardii/Cortaderia splendens/Cortaderia toetoe/Cortaderia turbaria/Deschampsia cespitosa/Deschampsia chapmanii/Deschampsia gracillima/Deschampsia pusilla/Deschampsia tenella/Deyeuxia aucklandic/Deyeuxia avenoides/Deyeuxia lacustris/Deyeuxia

32 quadriseta/Deyeuxia youngii/Dichelachne crinita/Dichelachne inaequiglumis/Dichelachne lautumia/Dichelachne micrantha/Echinopogon ovatus/Elymus apricus/Elymus enysii/Elymus falcis/Elymus multiflorus/Elymus sacandros/Elymus solandri/Elymus tenuis/Festuca actae/Festuca contracta/Festuca coxii/Festuca deflexa/Festuca luciarum/Festuca madida/Festuca matthewsii/Festuca multinodis/Festuca novaezelandiae/Festuca ultramafica/Hierochloe brunonis/Hierochloe cuprea/Hierochloe equiseta/Hierochloe fusca/Hierochloe novaezelandiae/Hierochloe recurvata/Hierochloe redolens/Imperata cheesemanii/Isachne globosa/Koeleria cheesemanii/Koeleria novozelandica/Koeleria riguorum/Lachnagrostis ammobia/Lachnagrostis billardierei/Lachnagrostis elata/Lachnagrostis filiformis/Lachnagrostis glabra/Lachnagrostis leptostachys/Lachnagrostis littoralis/Lachnagrostis lyallii/Lachnagrostis pilosa/Lachnagrostis striata/Lachnagrostis tenuis/Lachnagrostis uda/Lepturus repens/Microlaena avenacea/Microlaena carsei/Microlaena polynoda/Microlaena stipoides/Nardus stricta/Oplismenus hirtellus/Poa acicularifolia/Poa anceps/Poa antipoda/Poa astonii/Poa aucklandica/Poa breviglumis/Poa buchananii/Poa celsa/Poa chathamica/Poa cita/Poa cockayneana/Poa colensoi/Poa cookii/Poa dispsacea/Poa foliosa/Poa hesperia/Poa imbecilla/Poa incrassata/Poa intrusa/Poa kirkii/Poa lindsayi/Poa litorosa/Poa maia/Poa maniototo/Poa matthewsii/Poa novaezelandiae/Poa pusilla/Poa pygmaea/Poa ramosissima/Poa schistacea/Poa senex/Poa spania/Poa sublimis/Poa subvestita/Poa sudicola/Poa tennantiana/Poa tonsa/Poa xenica/Puccinellia macquariensis/Puccinellia raroflorens/Puccinellia stricta/Puccinellia walkeri/Pyrrhanthera exigua/Rytidosperma australe/Rytidosperma biannulare/Rytidosperma buchananii/Rytidosperma clavatum/Rytidosperma corinum/Rytidosperma gracile/Rytidosperma maculatum/Rytidosperma merum/Rytidosperma nigricans/Rytidosperma nudum/Rytidosperma petrosum/Rytidosperma pulchrum/Rytidosperma pumilum/Rytidosperma setifolium/Rytidosperma tenue/Rytidosperma thomsonii/Rytidosperma unarede/Rytidosperma viride/Simplicia buchananii/Simplicia laxa/Spinifex sericeus/Stenostachys deceptorix/Stenostachys gracilis/Stenostachys laevis/Trisetum antarcticum/Trisetum arduanum/Trisetum drucei/Trisetum lasiorhachis/Trisetum lepidum/Trisetum serpentinum/Trisetum spicatum/Trisetum tenellum/Trisetum youngii/Zotovia acicularis/Zotovia colensoi/Zotovia thomsonii/Zoysia minima/Zoysia pauciflora/

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