<p> Unit 4.8 Early Industrialization Leads to Sectionalism</p><p>I. ______=when local needs are placed ahead of what’s best for the country</p><p> As the North became increasingly concerned with industrial growth, the South remained an agrarian, slave- based society</p><p>II. Industrialization</p><p> Eli Whitney’s ______(1794)</p><p> Machine which separates cotton fibers from the sharp seeds, a job previously done by slaves</p><p> Made cotton farming more profitable because slaves could now all be used in the fields</p><p> Led to the Southern economy becoming almost completely dependent on cotton (a phenomenon historians call “______”)</p><p> As cotton became more profitable, the demand for (and price of) slaves went up</p><p> ______parts</p><p> Eli Whitney also developed the idea of making mechanical products out of standardized parts</p><p> This has the advantage of allowing rapid mass production of high quality mechanical products; also, if a part broke, it could be replaced easily with another part just like it</p><p> Whitney first applied this technique to building muskets for the U.S. Army</p><p> Slater’s “______” Arrives</p><p> In 1789, Samuel Slater, a British cotton mill manager, broke British laws to immigrate to U.S.</p><p> The British feared that their industrial technologies would spread to other countries and that foreign competition would endanger their economy</p><p> Slater saw the U.S. as a place of opportunity where he could make his fortune by building his own textile mills closer to the sources of American cotton</p><p> By 1814, American entrepreneur Francis C. Lowell had built the first fully industrialized textile factory in the U.S. which took raw cotton and turned it into completely finished cloth goods in a single building</p><p> Lowell was one of the first American businessmen to sell shares of ______in his business in order to raise the capital (money) to build his factories</p><p> “______Girls”</p><p> For labor in his factories, Lowell hired mostly teenage girls and young women</p><p> These girls averaged over 70 hours a week in the factory and had to attend classes and church services and live up to strict moral standards</p><p> Most appreciated the opportunity to get an education as well as earn money that could be sent back home to their families </p><p> Sewing Machines: Developed by Elias ______, among others, in the 1840s</p><p> Sewing machines opened the way for mass production of finished ______(cheap, store-bought clothes and linens) III. Why did the North industrialize?</p><p> More banks made it easy to get loans</p><p> Few government restrictions on businesses, States passed laws which protected business owners from liability to investors for losses</p><p> Low ______rates + Cheap ______available</p><p> Many streams and rivers to provide water power</p><p>IV. Technology began to tie the North to the West</p><p> The ______Canal: Man-made waterway completed in 1825</p><p> Connected New York’s Hudson River to the Great Lakes, thereby connecting New York City to the ports of ______and Detroit</p><p> Created a cheap way to travel for families moving west as well as for moving food from the farms of the Midwest to the cities of the North</p><p> Steamboats</p><p> Steam-powered ships were first put into commercial use in the U.S. in 1807 by Robert ______</p><p> They quickly became the preferred means of travel along major U.S. rivers and the Great Lakes, speeding up the movement of both people and goods</p><p> Toll Roads & Turnpikes</p><p> To keep up with demand, private companies began building roads to connect major Northern and Midwestern cities and charging travelers fees to use them</p><p> By 1821: 4000 miles of toll roads had been built (almost all in North)</p><p> Railroads</p><p> In 1830, Peter Cooper first used a steam engine to propel a cart along a set of iron rails</p><p> This first American built locomotive was nicknamed “______” and traveled at 10 mph along a 13 mile track around Baltimore, Maryland</p><p> Tom Thumb was used to convince investors that “railroads” were the answer to the nation’s transportation problems</p><p> Railroads Take Off … in the North</p><p> Miles of Railroad in the United  Miles of Railroad in the South States  1830: 40  1830: 10  1840: 2,755  1840: 737  1850: 8,571  1850: 2,082  1860: 28,920  1860: 7,908  1870: 49,168  1870: 10,610  1880: 87,801  1880: 14,458  1890: 163,562  1890: 27,833  The Telegraph</p><p> Developed by American Samuel ______in 1837</p><p> New invention which allowed long-distance communication through coded electrical impulses sent through wires</p><p> For the first time, news could travel quickly, but the telegraph wires were built along rail lines, so, again, the North got the most benefit</p><p> The Steel Plow</p><p> Iron plows worked poorly in the loamy soil of the American Midwest, making farming the Great Plains impossible</p><p> In 1837, blacksmith John ______designed a plow made out of steel instead (steel was lighter and kept a sharper prow)</p><p> Tens-of-thousands sold, making the Great Plains “America’s Bread Basket” and allowing Western grain to feed the industrial population of the cities of the North</p><p> Mechanical Reaper</p><p> Invented by Cyrus ______(with the help of a slave) in 1834</p><p> McCormick’s reaper was a horse-drawn machine which harvested wheat, removing the need for large amounts of laborers in the field</p><p> When it went into mass production, it meant that the grain farmers of the Midwest would not need ______to work their fields like the cotton farmers of the South</p><p>V. Social Differences Fuel Sectionalism</p><p> Slavery</p><p> In 1808, Congress banned the importation of new slaves</p><p> 1820: 1.5 million slaves in the U.S.</p><p> 1850: 4 million slaves in U.S.</p><p> As demand for cotton grew, so did demand for slaves, turning slaves into an increasingly valuable asset</p><p> Slave ownership</p><p> 1850: South’s white pop = 6 million</p><p> 1850: South’s slave pop = 4 million</p><p> 350,000 slave owners (so less than 6% of Southern whites owned slaves)</p><p> 37,000 owned 20+ slaves</p><p> 8,000 owned 50+ slaves</p><p> 11 owned 500+ slaves</p><p> Immigration</p><p> 1825 – 1855: 5 million ______immigrants arrived, almost entirely in the North  They arrived poor and concentrated in ethnic neighborhoods</p><p> This created a cheap labor force for Northern factories</p><p> Oddly, most immigrants were pro-slavery</p><p> Immigrants didn’t want to compete with freed slaves for jobs, so they supported Southern slave owners’ property rights</p><p> Many ______, in fact, would fight for the South in the Civil War</p><p>VI. Growth of Northern Cities</p><p> Urbanization: people move from the country into cities</p><p> Immigration: European immigrants arrived at Northern ports, tended to stay in the North or migrate West</p><p> Northern population growth worried the South</p><p> The number of seats in the House of Representatives is based on ______, so the North was slowly gaining control of one house of Congress</p><p> Slaves only counted as 3/5ths of a person, while naturalized immigrants counted as a whole person for the purpose of counting population – so North’s census population was growing faster</p><p>VII. North vs. South: Key Differences</p><p> North</p><p> Economy based on the “factory system”: manufacturing and commerce</p><p> Relied on plentiful immigrant labor</p><p> Favored high ______that protected US industries</p><p> Wanted a strong federal government to build transportation networks, protect trade, and regulate the economy</p><p> South</p><p> Economy based on the “plantation system”: large-scale farming of cash crops</p><p> Relied on slave labor</p><p> Opposed to high tariffs – imported many European goods, feared Europeans would retaliate by putting tariffs on Southern agricultural exports</p><p> Favored strong ______government, feared a strong federal government would restrict slavery</p>