Unit 4.8 Early Industrialization Leads to Sectionalism

I. ______=when local needs are placed ahead of what’s best for the country

 As the North became increasingly concerned with industrial growth, the South remained an agrarian, slave- based society

II. Industrialization

 Eli Whitney’s ______(1794)

 Machine which separates cotton fibers from the sharp seeds, a job previously done by slaves

 Made cotton farming more profitable because slaves could now all be used in the fields

 Led to the Southern economy becoming almost completely dependent on cotton (a phenomenon historians call “______”)

 As cotton became more profitable, the demand for (and price of) slaves went up

 ______parts

 Eli Whitney also developed the idea of making mechanical products out of standardized parts

 This has the advantage of allowing rapid mass production of high quality mechanical products; also, if a part broke, it could be replaced easily with another part just like it

 Whitney first applied this technique to building muskets for the U.S. Army

 Slater’s “______” Arrives

 In 1789, Samuel Slater, a British cotton mill manager, broke British laws to immigrate to U.S.

 The British feared that their industrial technologies would spread to other countries and that foreign competition would endanger their economy

 Slater saw the U.S. as a place of opportunity where he could make his fortune by building his own textile mills closer to the sources of American cotton

 By 1814, American entrepreneur Francis C. Lowell had built the first fully industrialized textile factory in the U.S. which took raw cotton and turned it into completely finished cloth goods in a single building

 Lowell was one of the first American businessmen to sell shares of ______in his business in order to raise the capital (money) to build his factories

 “______Girls”

 For labor in his factories, Lowell hired mostly teenage girls and young women

 These girls averaged over 70 hours a week in the factory and had to attend classes and church services and live up to strict moral standards

 Most appreciated the opportunity to get an education as well as earn money that could be sent back home to their families

 Sewing Machines: Developed by Elias ______, among others, in the 1840s

 Sewing machines opened the way for mass production of finished ______(cheap, store-bought clothes and linens) III. Why did the North industrialize?

 More banks made it easy to get loans

 Few government restrictions on businesses, States passed laws which protected business owners from liability to investors for losses

 Low ______rates + Cheap ______available

 Many streams and rivers to provide water power

IV. Technology began to tie the North to the West

 The ______Canal: Man-made waterway completed in 1825

 Connected New York’s Hudson River to the Great Lakes, thereby connecting New York City to the ports of ______and Detroit

 Created a cheap way to travel for families moving west as well as for moving food from the farms of the Midwest to the cities of the North

 Steamboats

 Steam-powered ships were first put into commercial use in the U.S. in 1807 by Robert ______

 They quickly became the preferred means of travel along major U.S. rivers and the Great Lakes, speeding up the movement of both people and goods

 Toll Roads & Turnpikes

 To keep up with demand, private companies began building roads to connect major Northern and Midwestern cities and charging travelers fees to use them

 By 1821: 4000 miles of toll roads had been built (almost all in North)

 Railroads

 In 1830, Peter Cooper first used a steam engine to propel a cart along a set of iron rails

 This first American built locomotive was nicknamed “______” and traveled at 10 mph along a 13 mile track around Baltimore, Maryland

 Tom Thumb was used to convince investors that “railroads” were the answer to the nation’s transportation problems

 Railroads Take Off … in the North

 Miles of Railroad in the United  Miles of Railroad in the South States  1830: 40  1830: 10  1840: 2,755  1840: 737  1850: 8,571  1850: 2,082  1860: 28,920  1860: 7,908  1870: 49,168  1870: 10,610  1880: 87,801  1880: 14,458  1890: 163,562  1890: 27,833  The Telegraph

 Developed by American Samuel ______in 1837

 New invention which allowed long-distance communication through coded electrical impulses sent through wires

 For the first time, news could travel quickly, but the telegraph wires were built along rail lines, so, again, the North got the most benefit

 The Steel Plow

 Iron plows worked poorly in the loamy soil of the American Midwest, making farming the Great Plains impossible

 In 1837, blacksmith John ______designed a plow made out of steel instead (steel was lighter and kept a sharper prow)

 Tens-of-thousands sold, making the Great Plains “America’s Bread Basket” and allowing Western grain to feed the industrial population of the cities of the North

 Mechanical Reaper

 Invented by Cyrus ______(with the help of a slave) in 1834

 McCormick’s reaper was a horse-drawn machine which harvested wheat, removing the need for large amounts of laborers in the field

 When it went into mass production, it meant that the grain farmers of the Midwest would not need ______to work their fields like the cotton farmers of the South

V. Social Differences Fuel Sectionalism

 Slavery

 In 1808, Congress banned the importation of new slaves

 1820: 1.5 million slaves in the U.S.

 1850: 4 million slaves in U.S.

 As demand for cotton grew, so did demand for slaves, turning slaves into an increasingly valuable asset

 Slave ownership

 1850: South’s white pop = 6 million

 1850: South’s slave pop = 4 million

 350,000 slave owners (so less than 6% of Southern whites owned slaves)

 37,000 owned 20+ slaves

 8,000 owned 50+ slaves

 11 owned 500+ slaves

 Immigration

 1825 – 1855: 5 million ______immigrants arrived, almost entirely in the North  They arrived poor and concentrated in ethnic neighborhoods

 This created a cheap labor force for Northern factories

 Oddly, most immigrants were pro-slavery

 Immigrants didn’t want to compete with freed slaves for jobs, so they supported Southern slave owners’ property rights

 Many ______, in fact, would fight for the South in the Civil War

VI. Growth of Northern Cities

 Urbanization: people move from the country into cities

 Immigration: European immigrants arrived at Northern ports, tended to stay in the North or migrate West

 Northern population growth worried the South

 The number of seats in the House of Representatives is based on ______, so the North was slowly gaining control of one house of Congress

 Slaves only counted as 3/5ths of a person, while naturalized immigrants counted as a whole person for the purpose of counting population – so North’s census population was growing faster

VII. North vs. South: Key Differences

 North

 Economy based on the “factory system”: manufacturing and commerce

 Relied on plentiful immigrant labor

 Favored high ______that protected US industries

 Wanted a strong federal government to build transportation networks, protect trade, and regulate the economy

 South

 Economy based on the “plantation system”: large-scale farming of cash crops

 Relied on slave labor

 Opposed to high tariffs – imported many European goods, feared Europeans would retaliate by putting tariffs on Southern agricultural exports

 Favored strong ______government, feared a strong federal government would restrict slavery