<p>Multiple Choice (3 points each, 150 points total)</p><p>1. Which hormone is released into circulation during negative energy balance?</p><p> a. Glucagon</p><p> b. Glycogen</p><p> c. Insulin</p><p> d. Estrogen</p><p>2. In which of the following tissue does gluconeogenesis take place?</p><p> a. Muscle</p><p> b. Liver</p><p> c. Adipose</p><p>3. Gluconeogenesis produces glucose from amino acids.</p><p> a. True</p><p> b. False</p><p>4. When an amino acid is metabolized to Acetyl CoA, how many net carbons are contributed for the synthesis of glucose via gluconeogenesis? </p><p> a. 0 carbons</p><p> b. 1 carbon</p><p> c. 2 carbons</p><p> d. 3 carbons</p><p>5. During adapted starvation, ______is the primary process of energy production.</p><p> a. Gluconeogenesis</p><p> b. Ketogenesis </p><p> c. Glycogenesis</p><p> d. Liponeolysis</p><p>6. Which of the following is NOT a ketone body?</p><p> a. Acetyl-CoA</p><p> b. Acetone</p><p> c. Acetoacetate</p><p> d. beta-hydroxybutyrate 7. In what state are both insulin and glucagon present at higher levels?</p><p> a. Stress or Trauma</p><p> b. Positive Energy Balance</p><p> c. Negative Energy Balance</p><p> d. Exercise</p><p>8. What is the primary energy pathway in cancer cells?</p><p> a. Glycolysis </p><p> b. Beta-oxidation</p><p> c. Krebs Cycle</p><p> d. Gluconeogenesis</p><p>9. What is the ENZYME of the first rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis that converts Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA?</p><p> a. Coenzyme A</p><p> b. Biotin</p><p> c. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase</p><p> d. Pyruvate dehydrogenase Kinase-4</p><p>10. In cancer cells and diabetes, glucose oxidation via Krebs cycle is impaired.</p><p> a. True</p><p> b. False</p><p>11. Obesity may contribute to diabetes by derailing normal mitochondrial oxidation of glucose.</p><p> a. True</p><p> b. False</p><p>12. Which of the following compounds may increase the risk for colon cancer?</p><p> a. Deoxycholic Acid</p><p> b. COX-2 inhibitors (e.g. aspirin)</p><p> c. Butyrate</p><p> d. Vitamin D</p><p>13. Most bile acids are recycled to the liver.</p><p> a. True b. False</p><p>14. What is produced from the -oxidation of an odd-chain fatty acid?</p><p> a. Citrate</p><p> b. Propionyl CoA</p><p> c. Malonyl CoA</p><p> d. Methionine</p><p>15. Which metabolic profile would most likely lead to fatty acid synthesis?</p><p> a. Increased insulin, increased glucagon</p><p> b. Increased insulin, positive energy balance</p><p> c. Decreased insulin, increased glucagon</p><p> d. Decreased insulin, negative energy balance</p><p>16. Which lipoprotein has the highest cholesterol content and increase the risk of CVDs?</p><p> a. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)</p><p> b. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)</p><p> c. Very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)</p><p> d. Chylomicrons</p><p>17. In muscle cells, high levels of fatty acids may increase Acetyl CoA production leading to inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme and contribute to diabetes</p><p> a. True</p><p> b. False</p><p>18. How does a high fat diet affect bile acids?</p><p> a. High fat diet blocks secretion of bile acids.</p><p> b. High fat diet reduces the amount of secondary bile acids in colon</p><p> c. High fat diet increases the production of secondary DCA in colon</p><p> d. High fat diet increases the conversion of bile acids to butyrate</p><p>19. Which of the following is a function of FXR?</p><p> a. Detoxification of BAs in the liver</p><p> b. Absorption of BAs in the ileum</p><p> c. Transport of BAs to the basolateral membrane of intestinal cells d. All of the above</p><p>20. Which one is true about the role of FXR in liver tissue?</p><p> a. FXR stimulates bile acid synthesis</p><p> b. FXR inhibits gluconeogenesis and lipid synthesis</p><p>AVG=16.9%</p><p>% Wrong Answers - NSC408 FALL 2016, n=124 AVG 20 19 18 17</p><p>G 16 V A 15 d</p><p> n 14 a</p><p>#</p><p>13 n o</p><p> i 12 t s</p><p> e 11 u</p><p>Q 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1</p><p>0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70</p>