Global Heritage Fund Peru and the Next Machu Picchu: Exploring Chavín and Marcahuamachuco October 10 - 20, 2012 Global Heritage Fund Peru and the Next Machu Picchu: Exploring Chavín and Marcahuamachuco October 10 - 20, 2012 Clinging to the Andes, between the parched coastal desert and the lush expanse of the Amazon rainforest, Peru is far more than Machu Picchu alone. For thou- sands of years, long before the arrival of the Inca, the region was home to more than 20 major cultures, all of them leaving behind clues to their distinctive identities. With more than 14,000 registered archaeological and heritage sites, Peru has a well-deserved reputation as a veritable treasure-trove for anyone interested in ancient cultures and archaeology. Ancient, colonial, and modern Peru is a country with many faces. In the com- pany of Global Heritage Fund staff, encounter some of Peru’s most remarkable FEATURING: civilizations through the objects, structures, and archaeological clues that con- Dr. John W. Rick tinue to be uncovered. Associate Professor of Anthropology Stanford University John Rick is an associate professor of anthropology at Stanford University and also serves as Curator of Anthropology at the Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for the Visual Arts, Stanford University. He earned his Ph.D. from Michigan in 1978. His interests in- clude prehistoric archaeology and anthropology of band-level hunter-gatherers, stone tool studies, analytical methodology, animal domestication and Pachacamac, Peru. South American archaeology. Dr. Rick has been di- Trip Highlights recting the excavations at the UNESCO World Heri- tage Site of Chavín de Huántar since 1995. Pachacamac 25 miles southeast of Lima, Pachacamac is comprised of 17 pyramids, many of them irreversibly damaged by El Niño. After the collapse of the Huari Empire, Artifacts from Chavín de Huántar, Peru. Pachacamac continued to grow and the Inca maintained it as a religious shrine, allowing the Pachacamac priests to continue functioning independently of the Inca priesthood. Among the Huari figures allowed to continue practicing was the Pachacamac oracle, whom the Inca presumably consulted. The Inca built five additional buildings on the site, including a temple to the sun on the main square. Chavín de Huántar The Chavín civilization, which predated the Inca by about two millennia, revolved around the site of Chavín de Huántar, its religious center. The site contains a number of major structures, including three significant temples and areas designated as the Circular Plaza, the Old Temple, and the New Temple. Overview of Chavín de Huántar, Peru. © John Rick Chavín’s monumental granite pyramids and ceremonial plazas are linked by colossal, carved-stone staircases and platforms. Subterranean chamber com- plexes, known as galleries, were built using what were very sophisticated engi- neering techniques in ancient times. Among the highlights is the Lanzón Gal- lery, with its large stone idol carved with human, jaguar, anaconda, and eagle images. Beginning in 2004, Global Heritage Fund initiated conservation work at this UNESCO World Heritage Site, stabilizing primary monuments, repairing un- derground structures, documenting the site with high-precision instruments, locating underground structures with non-intrusive technologies, revealing, as- sessing, and—when appropriate—removing post-Chavín structures to reveal original architecture, cataloguing artifacts, and improving site interpretation facilities. Meanwhile, the local community has been engaged through conser- vation and craft training, employment, tourism-entrepreneurship, and regular consultations regarding the management of the site and its environs. Huacas del Sol y de la Luna The large, intricately decorated adobe structures that comprise Huacas del Sol y de la Luna, or the Temples of the Sun and the Moon, are the remnants of the ancient Moche capital city known by modern archaeologists as Cerro Blanco. The colored friezes of the Moon Pyramid are particularly remarkable. The Huacas are located two and a half miles outside the modern city of Trujillo, near the mouth of the Moche River Valley. Marcahuamachuco Marcahuamachuco was a major regional center in the Andean Early Middle Horizon period (300–700 AD). The function of the site, although not fully Stella at Chavín de Huántar, Peru. clear, appears to have been as the seat of a ceremonial oracle, as well as a reli- gious and political center. In its later stages, it was turned into a burial site. Its influence extended to all of northern Peru and contemporary southern Ecuador. Chan Chan, Peru. Classified as the 6th most important archaeological site of Peru, Marcahuama- chuco provides deep insight into ancient cultural traditions in the Pre-Inca northern highlands of Peru. It is a sanctuary with structures similar to those of its contemporary, Pachacamac, which was used between the 4th and 12th centuries AD. Today, this monumental site is considered by many to be one of the best archaeological sites in Peru, though its remote location and the low income of the surrounding communities have made sustainable conservation and development difficult. Global Heritage Fund is working with the Unidad Ejecutivo Marcahuamachuco (UEM) to prepare a program of planning, con- servation, and community development to enable long-term site sustainability. Excavation work at Chavín de Huántar, Peru. Chan Chan Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986, Chan Chan was the larg- est city in pre-Columbian South America, made entirely of mud and adobe bricks. The city covers an area of approximately eight square-miles and had a dense urban center of about two square-miles. It was constructed by the Chi- mor people, a civilization that grew out of the remnants of the Moche. What remains of the city is severely threatened by El Niño, which causes heavy rains and flooding on the Peruvian coast, and by earthquakes and looters. El Brujo El Brujo is an ancient monument of the Moche people. Huaca El Brujo and Huaca Cao Viejo, the two sacred sites, were built by the Moche sometime between the 1st and 7th centuries AD. The site is best known for the colorful reliefs and mural paintings at Huaca Cao Viejo, and as the place where the earliest physical evidence of the existence of the Quingnam and Pescadora languages was discovered. Local arts and crafts at Chavín de Huántar, Peru. Machu Picchu, Peru. Sipán A Moche burial site discovered completely untouched by looters, the tomb of the Lord of Sipán is considered one of the most important archaeological discoveries of the past three decades. The tomb, which dates to around 100 AD and was discovered by Walter Alva and his wife Susana Meneses, contained exquisite Moche jewelry, masks, and art, as well as hundreds of clay pots. The pots, each sculpted with an individual face, are believed to be offerings made by the leader’s subjects. Túcume The site of 26 significant pyramids and mounds spread out over 540 acres, Túcume was a major population center for a series of civilizations: the Lam- bayeque, Chimú, and Inca, together spanning the period from 800 to 1532 AD. Today, the area is called “purgatorio” by local people, and shamans continue to invoke Túcume in their rituals. Machu Picchu “The Lost City of the Incas,” Machu Picchu is the best-known Inca site of the modern world and an architectural and cultural marvel. Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built around 1400 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472 AD). A century later, at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, Machu Picchu was abandoned as an official site for the Inca rulers. Although known locally to the Quechua communities living nearby, it remained unknown to the outside world until the American historian Hiram Bingham, through an accidental discovery, brought it to international attention in 1911. Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983, Machu Picchu remains one of the most captivating sights in the Western hemisphere. Global Heritage Fund Peru and the Next Machu Picchu: Exploring Chavín and Marcahuamachuco October 10 - 20, 2012 Day 1- Wednesday, October 10 Day 9 - Thursday, October 18 Lima Trujillo • Arrive in Lima City • Visit Chan Chan • Overnight Lima • Overnight Trujillo Country Club (no meals) Hotel Libertador (B, L, D) Day 2 - Thursday, October 11 Day 10 - Friday, October 19 Lima Chiclayo • Visit Pachacamac • Explore Trujillo • Lima City Tour • Visit El Brujo • Welcome Dinner • Farewell Dinner • Overnight Lima • Overnight Chiclayo Country Club (B, L, D) Casa Andina (B, L, D) Day 3 - Friday, October 12 Day 11 - Saturday, October 20 Huaraz Depart Lima • Fly to Huaraz • Visit Sipán, Museo Tumbas Reales y Túcume • Excursion to Llanganuco Canyon • Fly Chiclayo to Lima • Overnight Huaraz El Patio Cabañas (B, L, D) • Departing flights out of Lima (B, L) Day 4 - Saturday, October 13 Chavín de Huántar • Explore Chavín de Huántar with GHF Staff Price: • Overnight Chavín El Gran Rickay (B, L, D) 8 – 9 Participants………………..…….$8,195 per person, double occupancy Day 5 - Sunday, October 14 10 – 11 Participants………...…………$7,595 per person, double occupancy Huaraz 12 – 14 Participants…………………...$7,195 per person, double occupancy • Return to Chavín de Huántar with GHF Staff Single Supplement: $950 • Visit Chankillo *International airfare not included • Overnight Huaraz El Patio Cabañas (B, L, D) Day 6 - Monday, October 15 Trip Extension October 20 - October 24, 2012 Trujillo Day 1 - Saturday, October 20 Day 4 - Tuesday, October 23 • Fly to Trujillo