Ceramic relationships in the Central Plains Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Grange, Roger Tibbets, 1927- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 18:53:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565603 CERAMIC RELATIONSHIPS' IN THE CENTRAL PLAINS ^ > 0 ^ . Roger T1." Grange, Jr. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Roger T, Grange, Jr»________________________ entitled ______Ceramic Relationships in the Central_____ _____Plains_______________________________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of _____Doctor of Philosophy________________________ April 26. 1962 Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* 5 / ? / ^ t 5 /? / C 2-— A / , - r y /n / *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable with­ out special permission, provided that accurate acknowledg­ ment of source is made. Requests for permission for ex­ tended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. / SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: Emil If. Hauar^y Date Professorsor of Antnroropology PREFACE' This research project was hased on the pottery recovered from a series of archaeological sites in the Central Plains excavated by the Nebraska State Historical Society and the University of Nebraska. Many of the people responsible for various phases of the excavations are cited in connection with brief descriptions of the sites. With­ out the fieldwork of these individuals the present analysis would have been impossible. Nor could it have been accom­ plished without the previous intensive research of Mr. A. T. Hill, Dr. W. D. Strong and Dr. Waldo R. Wedel. Their basic work on the problems of Pawnee archaeology provided the foundation which gave direction and order to this in­ vestigation. Mr. Marvin F. Kivett, Museum Director of the Nebr­ aska State Historical Society, generously made available the basic collections and records upon which this study was based. Permission to utilize the collections of the University of Nebraska Laboratory of Anthropology was granted by Dr. John L. Champe. Dr. Waldo R. Wedel of the U. S. National Museum made possible the use of certain materials which had been transferred to that agency. Mr. Marvin F. Kivett, Dr. Waldo R. Wedel, Dr. Carlyle S. Smith, Dr. John L. Champe, Dr. Wesley R. Hurt, Dr. Raymond H. Thompson, Mr. G. Hubert Smith, Mr. Robert ill ITeuman and Mr. George Metcalf have all given freely their comments, advice and encouragement which at one time or another have been of assistance in some phase of the project Dr. William D. Aeschbacher, Director of the Nebraska State Historical Society, and Mr. Marvin P. Kivett arranged a leave of absence so that the project could be completed. Photographic reproductions were provided by the Nebraska State Historical Society and were made by staff photographer Mr. Kenneth Kopta. My thesis committee, Dr. Emil W. Haury, Chairman, Dr. Richard B. Woodbury, and Dr. Harry T. Getty, who was later replaced by Dr. Frederick S. Hulse, have provided stimulation, advice, encouragement and guidance. They have, moreover, done so under the trying circumstances of geographical separation from their student coupled with the problems of an ever closer time limit. My wife, Jane, and my children, Kathy, Roger and Randy, have borne the personal burdens for a considerable period of time. To all of the individuals who have so generously given me aid I express my deep appreciation and gratitude. The responsibility for errors of fact and interpretation is, of course, mine alone. Roger T. Grange, Jr. Assistant Museum Director Nebraska State Historical Society TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ............ .......... viii LIST OF F I G U R E S ............ .................. .. x LIST OF PLATES ............................... .. .' x INTRODUCTION . ........ 1 Chapter I. THE PLACE OF THE LOWER LOUP FOCUS AND HISTORIC PAWNEE SITES IN THE CENTRAL PLAINS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SEQUENCE............ 2 The Central Plains Archaeological Sub-area . ................ 2 Archaeological Fieldwork in the Central Plains.......... 7 The Pawnee Region.............. 11 The Central Plains Archaeological sequence.............................. 19 Taxonomic Classification of Lower Loup and Pawnee Sites 31 Current Status of the Lower Loup and Pawnee Sites . ............. ; 37 II. THE PAWNEE - LOWER LOUP PROBLEM ...... 40 Hypothesis 1 ............. 43 Hypothesis 2 ........................... 45 Hypothesis 3 ......... 47 Hypothesis 4 ........ 50 Hypothesis 5 . 52 Hypothesis 6 ......... 54 III; DESCRIPTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PAWNEE - AND LOWER LOUP SITES .......... 56 The Linwood Site, 25 Bu 1 57 The Bellwood Site,‘25 Bu 2 ...... 60 The Blue Springs Site, 25 Ga 1 .... 61 The Carmody Site, 25 Hk 7 ....... 62 The Hordville Site, 25 Hm 1 ...... 63 The Burial Ridge 1 Site, 25 Hm 2 . 64 The Palmer Site, 25 Hw 1 . ........... 64 The Horse Creek Site., 25 No 2 ....... 65 v Chapter Page III. (Continued) The Cottonwood Creek Site, 25 Mo 5 • • • 66 The Genoa Site, 25 Me 6 .......... .. 6? The Fullerton Site, 25 No 7 .......... 68 The Cunningham.Site, 25 No 10. .... 69 The Vogel Site, 25 No. 11 .............. 70 The Plum Creek Site, 25 He 14.......... 71 The Clarks Site, 25 Pk 1 .............. 71 The Petrous Nelson Site, 25 Pk 2 . 72 The Dick Johnson Site, 25 Pk 3 ........ 73 The Yutan Site, 25 Sd 1 73 The: Leshara. Site, .25 Sd 2 ............ 74 The Me Claine Site, 25 Sd 8 .......... 75 The Hill Site, 25 Wt 1 ................ 76 The Shipman Site, 25 Wt 7 ............ 79 The Kansas Monument Site, 14 Up 1. 79 The James Site . 81 The Savannah S i t e .................... 82 The Archer Site ....................... 82 Possible Sites in K a n s a s ................. 82 "Sacred Places" of the Pawnee ..... 83 The Bellwood. Site, 25 Bu 2 . ...... 84 The Bar cal Site, 25 Bu 4 .............. 86 The Ashland Site, 25 Cc 1 ......... 87 The Gray Site, 25 Cx 1 ......... 88 The Wolfe Site, 25 Cx 2 . 89 The Fuller's Hill Site, 25 Ox 3 . 90 The Burkett Site, 25 No 1 ....... 90 The Wright Site, 25.Nc 3 .............. 91 The Phil Cuba Site, 25 He 4 ...... 92 The Coffin Site, 25 Me 16 . ..... 93 The Larson Site, 25 Pt 1....... 93 The Monroe Site, 25 Pt 1 3 ..... 94 . The .Foley Site ............. 95 The Lightner Site . ................. 95 The Templin S i t e .......... 95 The Umbarger Site . ................. 96 Summary . 96 IV. THE METHODS OF INVESTIGATION ............... 100 V. PAWNEE AND LOWER LOUP POTTERY TYPES .... 116 Pawnee and Lower Loup P o t t e r y ........... 116 General Descriptive Data ................. 119 Nance Flared Plain ........... ..... 129 Nance Flared Decorated . ... .......... 133 Nance Straight Rim P l a i n .............. 136 Nance Straight Rim Decorated ...... 137 Nance Flanged L i p ................... 138 Nance Thickened L i p .................. 140 vi Chapter Page V. (Continued) Burkett.S Collared .... ............ 141 Wright Collared W a r e .................. 142 Burkett Ridged R i m .................... 145 Wright Folded L i p .................... 146 Colfax Braced .... .......... 146 Butler B r a c e d .................. .. 151 Webster Collar Braced . 152 Burkett Cord Roughened ................ 155 Burkett Collared . 157 Unnamed Shell Tempered Ware. .......... 158 Walnut Decorated L i p .................. 160 Webster Bowl Ware. .... 162 Webster Bowl L i d s ........ ............ 163 Miniature Vessels .................. 163 Spouted Vessel ........................ 164 Lower Walnut Focus Shell Tempered Ware • 164 Cowley P l a i n ...................... .. 164 Stanley Cord Impressed ................ 165 Unclassified .......................... I65 VI. THE PAWWEE AMD LOWER LOUP CERAMIC' TRADITION AND SITE SERIATION. ..................... 166 The Pawnee-Lower Loup Ceramic Tradition. 166 Seriation of Pawnee and Lower Loup Sites 181 VII. TESTING AND REVISING THE SITE UNIT SERIATION . ........... 223 VIII. DATING THE CERAMIC SEQUENCE 242 Historical Dating .............. 243 Archaeological