TemaNord 2015:506 TemaNord TemaNord 2015:506 TemaNord Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Local knowledge and resource management On the use of indigenous and local knowledge to document and manage natural resources Local knowledge and resource management in the Arctic The climate is changing, and the people in the Arctic are facing huge challenges. Many rely on natural resources for both subsistence and income. Successful adaptation to climate change and the sustainable use of resources require observation of the environment. Scientific knowledge of the environment is incomplete, and conventional scientific monitoring is logistically difficult. Arctic citizens observe the environment all year-round. Their observations and knowledge are, however, not systematically used in the political decision process. An international symposium was therefore organized to encourage Arctic cooperation, and to exchange experiences, on the use of citizens’ knowledge and observations to document natural resources and inform the political process. The meeting drew participants from all the Arctic countries. Their discussions and conclusions are presented in this report. TemaNord 2015:506 ISBN978-92-893-3921-6 (PRINT) ISBN 78-92-893-3923-0 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-3922-3 (EPUB) ISSN 0908-6692 TN2015506 omslag.indd 1 27-02-2015 08:05:09 Local knowledge and resource management On the use of indigenous and local knowledge to document and manage natural resources in the Arctic TemaNord 2015:506 Local knowledge and resource management On the use of indigenous and local knowledge to document and manage natural resources in the Arctic ISBN 978-92-893-3921-6 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-3923-0 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-3922-3 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2015-506 TemaNord 2015:506 ISSN 0908-6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2015 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: Martin Schiøtz; M. K. Poulsen; Signelements; ImageSelect Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk Copies: 200 Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom- mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/en/publications Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involv- ing Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im- portant role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org Content Foreword ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 13 1. Proceedings of the symposium ............................................................................................... 19 1.1 Why does indigenous and local knowledge matter? .............................................. 19 1.2 Governance and community monitoring: experiences from Russia ............ 24 1.3 How increased international cooperation can contribute to the objectives of Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna ....................................... 25 1.4 Use of indigenous and local knowledge to monitor natural resources in Sweden...................................................................................................... 26 1.5 Governance and community documentation: experiences from Greenland .......................................................................................................................... 27 1.6 Governance and community documentation in Greenland: municipal perspectives................................................................................................. 29 1.7 Community-based documentation and management of resources: an overview ...................................................................................................................... 32 1.8 Governance and community documentation: experiences from Finland, Murmansk and Siberia................................................................................. 34 1.9 Food security from an Alaska Inuit perspective .................................................. 37 1.10 Experiences from reindeer husbandry ................................................................... 38 1.11 Supporting the development of community monitoring networks ............. 40 1.12 Indigenous knowledge and resource development in Greenland ................ 44 1.13 Reindeer, biodiversity and community monitoring: experiences from Sweden .................................................................................................................... 46 1.14 Connecting knowledge systems in pan-Arctic reporting: lessons from the Arctic Biodiversity Assessment ............................................................... 49 1.15 Connecting knowledge systems in pan-Arctic reporting: lessons from the Arctic Human Development Report ...................................................... 52 1.16 Connecting knowledge systems in global science-policy processes ............ 53 1.17 What kind of cooperation is needed, on the use of indigenous and local knowledge, to document and manage resources in the Arctic? .......... 56 1.18 How can durable programs be built? ...................................................................... 60 1.19 What vision does the group have for the use of indigenous and local knowledge for managing resources? ............................................................ 61 1.20 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 63 2. Proposal for cooperation on the use of indigenous and local knowledge to manage resources in the Arctic .............................................................................................. 65 3. Symposium programme ............................................................................................................ 71 4. List of participants....................................................................................................................... 73 5. Заключение и выводы Summary in Russian ................................................................. 75 5.1 Опыт ................................................................................................................................... 75 5.2 Проблемы ........................................................................................................................ 77 5.3 Возможности .................................................................................................................. 78 5.4 Ответы............................................................................................................................... 79 6. Dansk sammenfatning ............................................................................................................... 81 7. Eqikkaaneq Grønlandsk sammenfatning ............................................................................ 83 Foreword Foreword by Greenland Minister of Fisheries, Hunting & Agriculture, Mr. Finn Karlsen The Greenland Government accords high priority to the involvement of local “users” in the management of living resources. With the changing climate, the people in the Arctic are facing huge challenges. Many rely on natural resources for both subsistence and income. Successful adapta- tion to climate change and the sustainable use of resources requires observation of the environment and nature. Scientific knowledge of the environment is incomplete, and conventional scientific monitoring is logistically difficult. Local fishermen and hunters observe the environ- ment all year-round. Their observations and knowledge are, however, not systematically used in the political decision process. The government with many partners therefore organized an interna- tional symposium to encourage Arctic cooperation and exchange experi- ences on the use of community members’ knowledge and observations to document natural resources and inform the political process. The meeting drew participants from all the Arctic countries. Their discus- sions and conclusions are presented in this report. I hope you will find the report as useful as I did and that the fishermen and hunters observa- tions will benefit the policy makers. Nuuk, November 2014 Mr. Finn Karlsen Greenland Minister of Fisheries, Hunting & Agriculture Acronyms ABA Arctic Biodiversity Assessment ACIA Arctic Climate Impact Assessment CAFF Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna CBD Conservation