<p> The Ringelmann Effect</p><p>When does this arise?</p><p>When the average individual performance decreases as a group size increases</p><p>Eight people pulled only four times as hard as one, NOT eight times as hard</p><p>This loss of performance was due to both co-ordination and motivational problems</p><p>Mainly due to individuals within the group losing motivation</p><p>Sporting Examples:</p><p> Hockey team penalty corner drill continues to break down because the timing of the players involved does not match </p><p>Losses in performance due to co-ordination fault</p><p> A water polo team are not playing very well because one particular player is not trying very hard</p><p>Losses in performance due to motivational fault Latane (1979) also studied group performance</p><p>He also found that group performance suffered as groups got larger – due to motivation and coordination problems</p><p>Motivation losses = Social loafing</p><p>“When individuals lose motivation when in a group situation”</p><p>It is undesirable in teams – therefore if present – should be eliminated</p><p>Social loafing is caused by an individual losing their identity when placed in a group</p><p>Individuals may feel their efforts are not being recognised – by spectators or team mates</p><p>How can Social loafing ( motivation ) be avoided?</p><p> Individual performance should be highlighted</p><p> Credit given to team situations – make individuals feel important - “Tackle counts” - Rugby - “Assists” – Basketball  Feedback to individuals about performance can help to combat social loafing</p><p> Support from team mates – referred to as “social support”</p><p> “Peer pressure” will aid elimination of social loafing and can serve to reinforce individual effort</p><p>How can Social loafing ( co-ordination ) be avoided?</p><p> Individuals should be selected on their interactive skills</p><p> Teachers/coaches should emphasise that good coordination will eventually lead to better performance</p><p> Games using small teams may help to coordinate the actions of different sets of players within a team</p>