<p> Who Conquered Whom?</p><p>Languages: Semitic: Assyrian, Akkadian, Aramaic, Babylonian, Canaanitic, Phoenician, Syriac, Arabic, Hebrew.</p><p>Indo-European Languages: Indo-Iranian (Sanskrit, Persian), Balto-Slavic, Hellenic (Greek), Italic (French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian), Celtic, Germanic (English, Swedish, Dutch, German)</p><p>Civilizations:</p><p>Sumerian 1st civilization. Mesopotamian region. Gilgamesh. Not semitic. Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Umma, Lagash. Located along Tigris and Euphrates. Fell by 2350 BC</p><p>Akkadian (2350 – 2160) Sargon. Mesopotamian region. Capital at Akkad. Semitic people. Located above Tigris. Fell by 2100 BC.</p><p>2100 – 1792 Gutians – from Iranian Plateau for brief period, followed by warring city-states. </p><p>Amorites or Old Babylonians Hammurabi. Semitic speaking. Arose from area north of Akkad in city/capital (for his empire) of Babylon. Conquered Sumer and Akkad. 1792 BC - 1750</p><p>1750 – 1500 warring city-states</p><p>Hittites Approx 1500 BC. Indo-European language, Origins from Russia / Turkey. Iron. Approx 1300 BC – Hittite power stopped by Ramses II. Fell to invaders approx 1200 BC. King Suppilulimas. Capital at Hattusa in modern day Turkey.</p><p>1200 BC ? – 1000 BC unknown invaders topple Hittites / warring states</p><p>Assyrian 800 – 600 BC. Capital at Nineveh – upper valley of Tigris. Fell to Chaldeans. Ashurbanipal. They were most hated and when fell, Nineveh was salted.</p><p>Chaldeans (New Babylonians. Chaldees in Old Testament). Semitic speaking. Conquered and assimilated Assyrians). Nebuchadnezzar II. Babylon – capital. Babylonian Captivity. Fell to Persians in 539 BC.</p><p>Phoenicians 1200 – 800 BC. (also known as Siddonians) traders, sea people, alphabet, cities: Tyre, and Sidon established Carthage. Assimilated by Chaldeans yet retained semi-autonomous status until Alexander.</p><p>Hebrews 1000 – 722 BC. Under Solomon – united. Upon his death, divided. Northern: Kingdom of Israel. Southern: Kingdom of Judah. By 586 – Judah fell to Assyrians. Returned to Jerusalem under Persians.</p><p>Persian Aryans came down from North (steppes of Asia), conquered Medes under the Archaemenid family led by Cyrus and united all groups. Major cities: Susa, Persepolis, Ecbatana. Empire stretches to Indus River in East.</p><p>Greeks Alexander.</p>