Who Conquered Whom

Who Conquered Whom?

Languages: Semitic: Assyrian, Akkadian, Aramaic, Babylonian, Canaanitic, Phoenician, Syriac, Arabic, Hebrew.

Indo-European Languages: Indo-Iranian (Sanskrit, Persian), Balto-Slavic, Hellenic (Greek), Italic (French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian), Celtic, Germanic (English, Swedish, Dutch, German)

Civilizations:

Sumerian 1st civilization. Mesopotamian region. Gilgamesh. Not semitic. Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Umma, Lagash. Located along Tigris and Euphrates. Fell by 2350 BC

Akkadian (2350 – 2160) Sargon. Mesopotamian region. Capital at Akkad. Semitic people. Located above Tigris. Fell by 2100 BC.

2100 – 1792 Gutians – from Iranian Plateau for brief period, followed by warring city-states.

Amorites or Old Babylonians Hammurabi. Semitic speaking. Arose from area north of Akkad in city/capital (for his empire) of Babylon. Conquered Sumer and Akkad. 1792 BC - 1750

1750 – 1500 warring city-states

Hittites Approx 1500 BC. Indo-European language, Origins from Russia / Turkey. Iron. Approx 1300 BC – Hittite power stopped by Ramses II. Fell to invaders approx 1200 BC. King Suppilulimas. Capital at Hattusa in modern day Turkey.

1200 BC ? – 1000 BC unknown invaders topple Hittites / warring states

Assyrian 800 – 600 BC. Capital at Nineveh – upper valley of Tigris. Fell to Chaldeans. Ashurbanipal. They were most hated and when fell, Nineveh was salted.

Chaldeans (New Babylonians. Chaldees in Old Testament). Semitic speaking. Conquered and assimilated Assyrians). Nebuchadnezzar II. Babylon – capital. Babylonian Captivity. Fell to Persians in 539 BC.

Phoenicians 1200 – 800 BC. (also known as Siddonians) traders, sea people, alphabet, cities: Tyre, and Sidon established Carthage. Assimilated by Chaldeans yet retained semi-autonomous status until Alexander.

Hebrews 1000 – 722 BC. Under Solomon – united. Upon his death, divided. Northern: Kingdom of Israel. Southern: Kingdom of Judah. By 586 – Judah fell to Assyrians. Returned to Jerusalem under Persians.

Persian Aryans came down from North (steppes of Asia), conquered Medes under the Archaemenid family led by Cyrus and united all groups. Major cities: Susa, Persepolis, Ecbatana. Empire stretches to Indus River in East.

Greeks Alexander.