Issue 76, 1st Quarter 2015 JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY I SSUE Joint Force S EVENTY-SIX, 1 EVENTY-SIX, Interdependence ST Strength Through Diversity QUARTER 2015 Nonlethal Weapons Joint Force Quarterly Founded in 1993 • Vol. 76, 1st Quarter 2015 http://ndupress.ndu.edu GEN Martin E. Dempsey, USA, Publisher MajGen Frederick M. Padilla, USMC, President, NDU Editor in Chief Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), Ph.D. Executive Editor Jeffrey D. Smotherman, Ph.D. Production Editor John J. Church, D.M.A. Internet Publications Editor Joanna E. Seich Art Director Marco Marchegiani, U.S. Government Printing Office Advisory Committee COL Michael S. Bell, USA (Ret.), Ph.D./College of International Security Affairs; Maj Gen Brian T. Bishop, USAF/Air War College; LTG Robert B. Brown, USA/U.S. Army Command and General Staff College; BG Guy T. Cosentino, USA/National War College; Brig Gen Thomas H. Deale, USAF/Air Command and Staff College; Col Keil Gentry, USMC/Marine Corps War College; Lt Gen David L. Goldfein, USAF/The Joint Staff; BGen Thomas A. Gorry, USMC/ Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy; Col Steven J. Grass, USMC/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; MG William E. Rapp, USA/U.S. Army War College; RDML John W. Smith, Jr., USN/Joint Forces Staff College; LtGen Thomas D. Waldhauser, USMC/The Joint Staff Editorial Board Richard K. Betts/Columbia University; Stephen D. Chiabotti/School of Advanced Air and Space Studies; Eliot A. Cohen/The Johns Hopkins University; COL Joseph J. Collins, USA (Ret.)/National War College; Mark J. Conversino/Air War College; Thomas P. Ehrhard/Office of the Secretary of Defense; Aaron L. Friedberg/Princeton University; Col Thomas C. Greenwood, USMC (Ret.)/Office of the Secretary of Defense; Douglas N. Hime/Naval War College; Mark H. Jacobsen/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Col Jerome M. Lynes, USMC (Ret.)/The Joint Staff; Kathleen Mahoney-Norris/Air Command and Staff College; Thomas L. McNaugher/Georgetown University; Col Mark Pizzo, USMC (Ret.)/National War College; James A. Schear/Office of the Secretary of Defense; LtGen Bernard E. Trainor, USMC (Ret.) Printed in St. Louis, Missouri, by Cover 2 images (top to bottom): Commissioned Officer Training School student hoists herself around pillar during ropes course, part of confidence and team-building exercise for commissioned medical, legal, and chaplain officers (U.S. Air Force/Natasha Stannard); Soldiers with 1st Platoon, Bravo Company, 2nd Battalion, 30th Infantry Regiment, 4th Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, move behind mud walls in order to take over enemy sniper position during Operation Charkh Restoration, Charkh District, Logar Province, Afghanistan (DOD/Sean Casey); Sailors direct F/A-18E Super Hornet assigned to Strike Fighter Squadron 31 Tomcatters on flight deck of aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush, which supports maritime security operations, strike operations in Iraq and Syria as directed, and theater security cooperation efforts in U.S. 5th Fleet area of responsibility (U.S. Navy/Brian Stephens). About the Cover In this Issue Marine with Bravo Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, stands prepared for enemy contact Dialogue in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, 2 Letter during 3-day mission in town of 4 From the Chairman Gereshk, which involved numerous firefights with Taliban insurgents, 6 Where Do We Find Such July 2014 (U.S. Marine Corps/ Men and Women? Joseph Scanlan) Forum 8 Executive Summary 10 Navy Perspective on Joint Force Interdependence By Jonathan Greenert Features Joint Force Quarterly is published by the National Defense University Press for the Chairman of the 15 Bringing Space Crisis 64 Refocusing the U.S. Strategic Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman’s flagship Stability Down to Earth Security Perspective joint military and security studies journal designed By James P. Finch By Linnea Y. Duvall and to inform members of the U.S. Armed Forces, allies, and other partners on joint and integrated Evan O. Renfro operations; national security policy and strategy; JPME Today efforts to combat terrorism; homeland security; 71 Nonlethal Weapons: A and developments in training and joint professional 21 Debunking Technical Technological Gap or military education to transform America’s military and Competency as the Sole security apparatus to meet tomorrow’s challenges Misdefined Requirements? better while protecting freedom today. All published Source of Innovation By Ofer Fridman articles have been vetted through a peer-review By Burton H. Catledge process and cleared by the Defense Office of 78 Challenges to Improving Prepublication and Security Review. 30 Should Military Officers Combat Casualty Survivability NDU Press is the National Defense University’s Study Policy Analysis? on the Battlefield cross-component, professional military and academic By Nikolas K. Gvosdev publishing house. By Robert L. Mabry The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations 35 Assessing Causality in a 85 Mosquitoes: A Viable 21st- expressed or implied within are those of the Complex Security Environment contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views Century Soft Power Tool of the Department of Defense or any other agency of By Andrew L. Stigler By Mary Raum and the Federal Government. Kathleen J. McDonald 40 Next Steps for Transforming Submissions and Communications Education at National JFQ welcomes submission of scholarly, independent Recall research from members of the Armed Forces, security Defense University policymakers and shapers, defense analysts, academic By Christopher J. Lamb 93 Operation Cottage: A specialists, and civilians from the United States and and Brittany Porro Cautionary Tale of Assumption abroad. Submit articles for consideration by email to [email protected], with “Attention A&R Editor” in the and Perceptual Bias subject line. Or write to: By Del C. Kostka Commentary Editor, Joint Force Quarterly 48 A Strong Fighting Force Is NDU Press Book Reviews 260 Fifth Avenue (Building 64, Room 2504) a Diverse Fighting Force Fort Lesley J. McNair By Larry O. Spencer 100 The Roar of the Lion Washington, DC 20319 Reviewed by Richard A. McConnell 52 Revisioning Strategic Telephone: (202) 685-4220/DSN 325 Email: [email protected] Communication Through 101 A Scrap of Paper JFQ online: www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jfq/jfq.htm Reviewed by Nicholas Rostow Rhetoric and Discourse Analysis 1st Quarter, January 2015 By William M. Marcellino 102 Brothers Armed: Military ISSN 1070-0692 58 A Theater-Level Aspects of the Crisis in Ukraine Perspective on Cyber Reviewed by Michael Kofman By J. Marcus Hicks Joint Doctrine 104 Seeing 2020: America’s New Vision for Integrated Air and Missile Defense By Geoffrey F. Weiss 112 Joint Doctrine Update Letter o the Editor: As I read Rebecca problem. Solve it. What do I mean? I is an opportunity, not an occasion for Patterson and Jodi Vittori’s mean do not regard big words as an “feeling stupid” or being made to feel T article titled “Why Military Offi- enemy. Instead, regard your own igno- stupid by someone else. It is a great way cers Should Study Political Economy” rance of their meanings as the enemy and to develop critical thinking and expand in Joint Force Quarterly 75 (4th Quarter the writer or speaker as an unwitting or your vocabulary. Smart officers learn big 2014), I reconsidered my own under- even intentional ally of your adversary (al- words even if they would not speak or standing of the term political economy. though withhold judgment for a moment write them. But do use with care. At one time I was admittedly unsure of on that last part). Do some intelligence its precise meaning, although I could preparation of the battlefield. Perform DR. JOHN T. KUEHN make some informed guesses, and some reconnaissance (another big word, General William Stofft Chair for thankfully the authors do a good job but one military professionals are com- Historical Research of giving readers many opportunities fortable with). In other words, find out U.S. Army Command and to understand what it means based on what the word means, not only in its General Staff College context in various passages. primary sense (usually the first definition However, this chance encounter with in a dictionary), but also in its secondary a phrase that field-grade officers might or idiomatic (normal use in conversation) not see regularly in their professional sense if these are provided. This will fur- reading brought to mind the entire topic ther allow you to accomplish three useful of language and its challenges. I have things. seen a phenomenon up close and per- First, you have now added that sonal here at the U.S. Army Command word to your own “force,” so it is no and General Staff College, particularly in longer in support of the “enemy” (the some of the readings we historians assign unknown, ignorance). Secondly, learning to our students in books such as Makers the meaning of a word will allow you of Modern Strategy. I can vaguely recall to evaluate its importance to what is being a bit miffed the first time I chanced being said and perhaps further clarify an across the word particularism, but then I unclear thought. Finally, it can help you looked it up and turned the tables on my understand the strength, or more often own ignorance. weakness, of a person’s argument. If he So-called big words, words such as misused the word, you can now engage misanthropic, heuristic, and epistemolog- in dialogue, debate, conversation, and ical, too often serve as a convenient way even criticism. A word on criticism: I for the intellectually insecure to withdraw do not use this word in the sense of from the battlefields of words and ideas your wife, husband, father, mother, or and retreat to the safer ground of simple, boss nagging at you (or you nagging at monosyllabic conversation.