UC-NRLF ^B 735 32b ^mjpfw ( L 1 PTOLEMY'S MAPS OF NORTHERN EUROPE PTOLEMY'S MAPS OF NORTHERN EUROPE A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTOTYPES BY GUDMUND /SCHUTTE PH. PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL DANISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY KJ0BENHAVN • COPENHAGEN H. HAGERUP • PUBLISHER Copyright 1917 by Gudmund Schiitte. COPENHAGEN — PRINTED BY GRytBE 1917 G^^ IS h/ EDITORIAL NOTICE 191 1, the Carlsberg Fund granted to the author of the present INwork a subsidy for the elaboration of a work dealing with Danish geography from an ethnic point of view, to be published by the Danish Society for Teutonic Philology (Selskab for germansk Filologi). In 19 1 2, however, this Society ceased to exist, the Royal Danish Geographical Society taking its place as editor of the work. At the same time, the subject was altered so as to embrace the Ptolemaic geography of northern Europe, while the subsidy granted for the elaboration was employed for the publication. The author's studies have also been subsidised by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences, The blocks of most of the accompanying figures have been kindly lent by the Editor of the Scottish Geographical Magazine. TO PROFESSOR JOS, FISCHER s. j. THIS BOOK IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED CONTENTS. PREFACE p. XI of the - i § I. A Brief Survey Manuscript Problem in - 12 § 2. Ptolemy's Predecessors the First Century A. D - § 3. Marinus, Ptolemy's Immediate Predecessor 13 and - § 4. Ptolemy's Lifetime, Importance, Principles 14 - » 18 § 5. Ptolemy's Successors - § 6. Misreadings of Latin Words 20 - § 7. Misreadings of Barbarian Names 23 Barbarian - § 8. The "Milieu" as Key to Interpreting Distorted Forms 25 - § 9. The Case of Metathesis 27 - § 10. The Case of Apocope 28 - § II. The Case of Parasitical Additions 29 - § 1 2. The Case of Onomatic Disguise 30 §13. The Case of Making Fictitious Repetitions - 32 - § 1 4. The Case of False Identification 37 - § 15. Theoretical Arrangements 40 - § 16. The Question of Prototypes 42 - § 17. Synopsis of Prototypes 45 - § 18. Collective Prototype A = Europe and Environs 48 - § 19. Local Prototype A =. Germania 67 § 20. Local Prototype Aa = North-western Germania, Chersonesus Cimbrica, and Scandia - 72 - § 21. Local Prototype Ab = South-western Germania 83 =: - § 22. Local Prototypes Ac, Ad &. Ae Dacia and Environs 84 § 23. Local Prototypes Bi &. B2 =^ the Mercantile Road from the Danube to the Mouth of the Vistula - 88 - § 24. Local Prototype C = Western Gaul, Belgium, and North-western Germania 100 - § 25. Local Prototype D = Swabian Tribes about the Elbe 107 § 26 Collective Prototypes £ & F = Eastern Germania, Sarmatia Europaea & Asiatica, and Scythia 112 - § 27. Local Prototype Sk = the Scandinavian Peninsula 127 § 28, The Position of the Cimbric Chersonese and the Scandian Islands within the Ptolemaic Germania - 1 38 - § 29. Conclusion 139 APPENDIX - A. § 30. Additions to ^ 19, Prototype J 141 B. - § 31. Additions to § 22, Prototypes Ac, Ad, Ae 142 X CONTENTS. LIST OF MAPS (A) BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES § 32, Introduction p. 144 § 33. Editions of Ptolemy's Geography - 144 - § 34. Editions of the Ptolemaic Atlas, and of Single Ptolemaic Maps 145 - § 35. Researches Dealing with Ptolemy or Based upon his Statements 146 a. Researches Dealing with Ptolemy in a More or Less General Sense ... - 146 b. Geographic or Ethnographic Compendia, etc • 149 c. Topography of the Cimbric Chersonese - - 1 50 LIST OF MAPS. Fig. I. Ptolemaic Prototypes in Northern and Middle Europe, General Synopsis. 2. Germania, the Cimbric Chersonese, and Scandia. Version A (Cod. Urbinas 82). — - — — - — — B - 3. ( Burney iii). 4. — - — — - — Type of the Roman editions, designed by Donis. 5. Prototype A, Germania, according to L. Schmidt. 6. Cimbric Chersonese and Scandia, according to the Cod. Urbinas 82, 7. Prototype Aa-^ North-western Germania, the Cimbric Chersonese, and Scandia. 8. Prototype Ad; South-western Germania. 9. The Limes Transrhenanus. 10. South-western Germania according to the Tabula Peutingeriana. 11. Comparison of details surrounding the Vallum Hadriani. 12. Dacia according to the Cod. Urbinas 82. 13. Prototype Ac^ Dacia, compared with a modern map. 14. Prototypes Ad and Ae-^ Dacia. 15. The Ptolemaic Dacia, compared with Fig. 16, 16. Dacia, according to the Tabula Peutingeriana. 17. The Ptolemaic names of Dacian tribes and places redistributed according to their presumed correct localisations. 18. Surviving ancient names in Dacia. 19. Prototypes Bi and B^; the mercantile road from the Danube to the mouth of the Vistula. 20. Prototypes Bi and B^^ compared with a modern map. 21. Prototype C; Western Gaul, Belgium, and North-western Germania. 22. Belgium and North-western Germania according to the Tabula Peutingeriana. 23. Ancient Belgium and North-western Germania with the names from Prototype C. 24. Prototypes £ and £; Eastern Germania, Sarmatia Europaea & Asiatica, and Scythia; comparison of duplicates. 25. Prototype £ from the Cod. Urbinas 82. 26. North-eastern Germania and Western wSarmatia with the names of the Prototypes £ and F. 27. Prototype Sk; Scandia. 28. The demarcation of Germania according to some modern representations. 29. The Cimbric Chersonese and Germania according to the Cod. Athous Vatopediensis. 30. A rectified Ptolemaic map of nationalities. 31. A reconstructed map of nationalities in Ancient Middle Europe. PREFACE. Geography, and the "Germania" of Tacitus, form the main foundation of our the barbarian north PTOLEMY'S ^ knowledge concerning of Europe in classical times. It might be taken for granted that such extremely important documents and their sources had long ago been seriously examined. But the Ptolemaic description of northern Europe is still practically a "terra incognita". The present book is an attempt to supply the wanted research. It is based upon studies which have been carried on for many years. Our principal investigations concerning the different prototypes of Ptolemy's maps were already made 20 years ago, so the publication can scarcely be called precipitate. Of course, we do not pretend to have solved one half of the riddles offered by our complicated problem. If Ptolemy's Geography were to be examined thoroughly, it would take a lifetime, but as we have made some observations which at any rate shed a new light on several points, we thought it wiser to make an end of hesitation. For even if further delay might have led to still better results in certain details, the study will be more profitably advanced by subjecting our preliminatory obser- vations to revision by expert critics. The publication of a provisional study may possibly still be objected to by scrupulous philologists, but the undertaking certainly assumes a very different appearance, when we regard it from the geographical or ethnological point of view. Geographers and ethnologists, far from fearing the absorbing philolo- gical problem, have used Ptolemy's work as the foundation for large reconstructions, and still do so. We may name numerous publications XII Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe from later years, containing either entire reconstructions of Ptolemy's Atlas, or detailed statements based upon his work. E. g.: Miillenhoff's "Deutsche Altertumskunde", vol. II, with map designed by H. Kiepert 1887, republished 1906. Gerland, "Atlas der Volkerkunde" (Berghaus, "Physikal. Atlas", 3. ed.) 1892. Perthes, "Atlas antiquus", by A. v. Kampen 1892, 9*^ ed. 1916. Miiller's edition of Ptolemy, vol. Ill, atlas, 1901. V. Erckert, "Wanderungen und Siedelungen", 1901. Meyer's "Konversationslexikon", map of Germania designed by K. Wolff, 1904. M. Schonfeld, "Worterbuch der altgermanischen Personen- und Volker- namen", in Streitberg's "Germanische Bibliothek", 191 1. R. Kiepert, "Formae orbis antiqui"; e. g. reconstructed Ptolemaic map of Europe (191 1) and map of Germania (1914). We may specially mention the latest publications of ethnological compendia. Caspar Zeuss, "Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstamme", ist ed. 1837, republished 1903 (unaltered). O. Bremer, "Ethnographie der germanischen Stamme" in Paul's monu- mental manual "Grundriss der germanischen Philologie", 1899, republished separately 1905. In all these publications, Ptolemaic data are used as a basis without any serious attempt to solve the philological problem. In order to prevent scientists from continuing such a proceding, it is not merely allowable, but necessary to publish the results of a research in which the attempt is at — any rate made, whether the outcome is satisfactory or not. The necessity of revising the traditional ideas about classical geography is specially urgent within the region of the author's native country, i. e. Denmark. Although Ptolemy's work offers an attractive base for such a study, it has, since the middle of the 19th century, been lamentably neglected. This neglect principally concerns the much discussed problems, as to PREFACE Xni whether the classical Cimbri, Charudes, and AngHi, are to be identified with the modern Jutlandic populations of Himmerboer, Hardboer, and Angelboer, — or whether they are to be placed somewhere in Germany south of the Elbe. Of late years, several authors have published very learned researches dealing with the matter, e. g. in Germany Mullenhoff, in Sweden Erdmann, in England H. M. Chadwick and R. W. Chambers. But none of these authors has ventured upon examining the prototypes of Ptolemy's map in detail. As such important problems concerning the past of the Danish and English peoples could not be treated in a satisfactory manner, while Ptolemy's map remained an unexplored laby- rinth, we subjected classical Jutland to a special study, and this became the nucleus of the present work. Originally, it was our aim to write a compendious introduction con- cerning the question of text criticism. We also published some provi- sional sketches in "The Scottish Geographical Magazine", February and June 1 91 4, and in Paul & Braune's "Beitrage zur Geschichte der deut- schen Sprache und Litteratur", Vol. 41, 191 6, at the same time anti- cipating our main results concerning the prototypes of Ptolemy's Atlas. Cf. our article in the "Saga Book of the Viking Soctety", 191 3, Vol.