BEST EN Think Tank XVII: Innovation and Progress in Sustainable Tourism 14-17 June 2017 International Center for Sustainable Tourism and Hospitality University of Mauritius BEST EN Think Tank XVII Innovation and Progress in Sustainable Tourism Proceedings Editor Rachel Hay [email protected] BEST Education Network James Cook University 1 James Cook Drive Townsville QLD 4811 These proceedings are published under a Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) Publisher James Cook University Townsville, Australia ISBN: 978-0-9954470-7-3 To cite papers from these proceedings, please use this format. Lead author surname, initial, second and subsequent author surname, initial.,(2017)“Title of Paper”, in R. Hay (ed.) Conference Proceedings of BEST EN Think Tank XVII: Innovation and Progress in Sustainable Tourism. Townsville, Australia: James Cook University, page number(s) of contribution. 2 BEST EN Think Tank XVII Innovation and Progress in Sustainable Tourism Organising Committee Members Chair of BEST EN Co-Chair of BEST EN Chair of TTXVII Gianna Moscardo Pierre Benckendorff Robin Nunkoo Think Tank Assistant Coordinator Paolo Mura BEST EN Secretary Rachel Hay Committee Members Julia Albrecht Deborah Edwards Dagmar Lund-Durlacher Paige Viren Caroline Scarles Tina Roenhovde Tiller Erling Kavita Kelsey Hejjas Karen Huges Alexandra Roberts Wolfgang Strasdas 3 BEST EN Think Tank XVII Innovation and Progress in Sustainable Tourism Sponsors 4 BEST EN Think Tank XVII Innovation and Progress in Sustainable Tourism Reviewers Full papers and extended abstracts underwent a double blind peer review and were edited prior to publication. BEST EN would like to thank the following reviewers: Monika Bachinger, University of Applied Forest Sciences Christian Baumgartner, Response & Ability; IMC FH Krems Pierre Benckendorff, Queensland University, Australia Alexander Coghlan, Griffith University, Australia Alexander Dingeldey, DHBW Ravensburg, Germany Deborah Edwards, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Sven-Olaf Gerdt, Wilhelms-Universitat Münster, Germany Kelsey Hejjas, University of Surry, United Kingdom Karen Hughes, University of Queensland, Australia Olga Junek, Victoria University, Australia Isabel, Junquera, REPTE Territorial SL, Spain Zilmiyah Kamble, Taylors University, Malaysia Dagmar Lund-Durlacher, Modul University, Vienna Kevin Mearns, University of South Africa, South Africa Gianna Moscardo, James Cook University, Australia Paolo Mura, Taylor’s University, Malaysia Caroline Scarles, University of Surrey, United Kingdom Moren Stone, University of Botswana, Botswana Wolfgang Strasdas, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Germany Mattias Straub, SRH University Berlin, Germany Sizhong Sun, James Cook University, Australia Peter Varga, Ecole hôtelière de Lausanne, France Paige Viren, East Carolina University, USA Fabian Webber, Lucerne University, Switzerland 5 BEST EN Think Tank XVII Innovation and Progress in Sustainable Tourism Tamara Young, University of Newcastle, Australia Johanna Zanon, University of Innsbruck, Austria 6 BEST EN Think Tank XVII Innovation and Progress in Sustainable Tourism Preface BEST EN is an international consortium of educators committed to the development and dissemination of knowledge in the field of sustainable tourism. The organization’s annual Think Tank brings together academics and industry representatives from around the world to discuss a particular theme related to sustainable tourism in order to move research and education in this specific field forward. We are pleased to present the proceedings of the BEST Education Network (BESTEN) Think Tank XVII entitled Innovation and Progress in Sustainable Tourism. The event was held in Mauritius, June 14-17, 2017, in conjunction with the International Center for Sustainable Tourism and Hospitality, University of Mauritius. The term ‘sustainable tourism’ emerged in the early 1980s building on earlier concerns about the negative impacts of tourism and linking tourism to the wider sustainability movement. Despite 30 years of discussion of tourism and sustainability in academic and government documents, recent reviews suggest that there is considerable room for improvement in the practice of sustainable tourism. The proceedings present work by academics and practitioners worldwide, conducted on various aspects of innovation and progress in sustainable tourism. They include abstracts and papers accepted by the scientific committee following a double blind peer review process. Twenty-eight research papers were presented at the conference. Presentations were held within the following themed sessions: • Assessing Progress, Contributions & Teaching and Learning • Innovation – Sustainable, Experiential, Product and Marketing • Tourism Impacts, Sustainable Tourism Education, Interpretation • Theoretical and Methodological Approaches for Researching Sustainable Tourism The contributions were thematically selected for each group and are arranged in order of presentation in the proceedings. The full proceedings as well as the PowerPoint presentations are available on the BEST EN website www.besteducationnetwork.org/ The Editor and the BEST EN Executive Committee anticipate that readers of this volume will find the papers informative, thought provoking and of value to their research. Best wishes, Rachel Hay, Editor 7 BEST EN Think Tank XVII Innovation and Progress in Sustainable Tourism Table of Contents Organising Committee Members ............................................................................................... 3 Sponsors ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Reviewers ................................................................................................................................... 5 Preface........................................................................................................................................ 7 Session 1: Assessing Progress, Contributions & Teaching and Learning ............................... 11 Australian Indigenous Tourism: Integration of knowledge vs. independent ventures ......... 12 Gabrielle McGinnis & Mark Harvey & Ian D. Clark & Tamara Young .......................... 12 Applying water quality as a management tool for the wildlife lodge industry in South Africa and Botswana. ........................................................................................................... 18 JJ Grobler and KF Mearns ................................................................................................ 18 Finding and Fostering Our Future Tourism Leaders: ........................................................... 30 Grace K.S. Ho and Rob Law ............................................................................................ 30 Investigating the impact of climate change on the tourism sector of SIDS .......................... 36 Sheereen Fauzel, Boopen Seetanah, Robin Sannassee & Robin Nunkoo ........................ 36 Reducing economic leakages from tourism: A value chain assessment of the tourism industry in Kasane, Botswana. ............................................................................................. 48 Andrew Rylance ............................................................................................................... 48 Residents’ perceptions of sustainable tourism in Mauritius ................................................. 72 Bhavish Jugurnath & Roucheet Bissessur & Youvish Ramjattan & Devendra Bissessur72 Sustainable tourism certification in the hotel sector in Africa: Progress made and opportunities for mainstreaming ........................................................................................... 93 Anna Spenceley ................................................................................................................ 93 Session 2: Innovation – Sustainable, Experiential, Product and Marketing .......................... 111 E-Mobility as an Innovation for a Sustainable Destination Future ..................................... 112 Tatjana Thimm ............................................................................................................... 112 The Role of Tour guide for Sustainable Tourism with the Impact of Emerging Information Technologies ...................................................................................................................... 121 Daisy Suk-fong FUNG ................................................................................................... 121 Innovation riving structural power changes in peripheral, small island destinations: Case study of Le Morne, Mauritius ............................................................................................ 128 Chaya Hurnath ............................................................................................................... 128 8 BEST EN Think Tank XVII Innovation and Progress in Sustainable Tourism New Forms of ‘Responsible Tourism’ in Refugee Camps and Contested Regions: the Case of Western Sahara .............................................................................................................. 133 Jaume Guia, Sil van de Velde & Lauren Chan ............................................................... 133 Transit Tours for Airport Passengers – Issues and Challenges.......................................... 136 Priscilla Chau Min Poon ...............................................................................................