Key Words Enquiry To seek information about something. Archaeologist A person who studies ancient cultures by the scientific analysis of physical remains. Investigation Careful search or examination in order to discover facts Biased Having an unfair or one-sided view for or against or information. someone or something. Year: 7 Palaeolithic Of the period from about 2.5 to 3 million years ago Prehistoric Of man’s development before the appearance of the until about 12 000 BC, during which primate man written word. Written word appeared around 3,000 Term: 1a emerged and unpolished chipped stone tools were BC. Topic: Swanscombe Man made. Neolithic Of the period that lasted in Europe from about 4000 to Mesolithic Of the middle period of the Stone Age, in Europe 2400 BC, characterised by primitive farming and the from about 12,000 to 3000 BC. Lesson Sequence use of polished stone and flint tools and weapons. 1. Enquiry skills in History 2. Explore how the Key dates of discovery Key Concepts Swanscombe Man was 29 th June 1935 Alvan T. Marston, a dentist, discovered a human bone in found. Swanscombe. The problems with historical enquiry are: 3. Consider the Swanscombe 15 th March 1936 Marston found a second piece of the same skull. This was - Sources are often biased or unreliable Man as historical from the left side of the skull. - Sources are not always available, particularly Alliance in the prehistoric period evidence. 30th July 1955 John Wymer found a third separate part of the skull. This - We never have a direct window into the past, 4. Explore prehistoric life. was 24.5 metres away. and always have to be careful of our modern perspective Useful Resources Palaeolithic lifestyle: http://www.swanscombe - Pointed tools for skinning and butchering animals Archaeological studies heritagepark.co.uk/interpr - Animal prey included rhinoceros, deer and horse - Scientists agree that the skull belonged to a etation.htm - Hunting involved dangerously close contact with large prey animals young woman http://www.bbc.co.uk/gui - People tended to stay near rivers for water - This is due to the delicate muscle attachments des/zpny34j - Nomadic people – moved around and did not create permanent settlements - This can be used to reveal the shape and size - No development of farming techniques or agriculture of the brain of humans at that time History of the Earth before Prehistoric timeline Sources humans - Primary = first-hand evidence from the event - 4.56 billion years ago – - Secondary =evidence that has one or more formation of the Earth steps removed from the event - 230 – 65 million years ago – Mesozoic Era (dinosaurs) Dates – BC/AD - 2.8 million years ago – BC = ‘Before Christ’. These dates becomes smaller earliest human-like as they approach 0. creatures – Palaeolithic AD – Latin ‘Anno Domini’, meaning ‘in the year of our Lord’. Era Key Words Contender A person taking part in a race or competition. Cavalry Fighting on horseback. Motte The mound of earth in a castle. Conquest The act of defeating an opponent or opponents, to gain possession of a place. Bailey The walled area where soldiers and livestock Illegitimate With no official or legal right to the throne. would live in a castle. Year: 7 Monarch King or queen. Heir The next in line for the throne. Term: 1a Topic: the Norman Invasion Witan The powerful lords and bishops who were the Infantry Soldiers who fight on foot. advisors to the Anglo-Saxon kings. Housecarls Professional full-time soldiers. Fyrd The name given to the army of an Anglo-Saxon Lesson Sequence king, mostly made up of peasant farmers. 1. To explore the state of England in 1066. Key dates of 1066 2. To understand the 5th January Edward the Confessor died. Contenders to the throne in 1066 arguments over who should 6th January Harold Godwinson was crowned the new King of England. become king. 20th Battle of Fulford. Hardrada and Tostig won, and took the city of York. Son of Edward the Confessor’s 3. To explore the Battle of September nephew (direct blood line) Fulford. Alliance 25th Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold Godwinson won, and Hardrada Edgar Atheling About twelve years old 4. To explore the Battle of September and Tostig were killed. Not interested in being king Stamford Bridge. 28th The Norman army landed at Pevensey in England. They built castles Witan rejected his claim 5. To explore the Battle of September and raided the surrounding area. No direct bloodline Hastings. th Powerful and experienced 6. To explore reasons why the 14 Battle of Hastings. The Normans won and Harold Godwinson was Harold Said Edward chose him in Normans won. October killed, possibly with an arrow to the eye. Godwinson 7. Revision for EA 1 25th William was crowned the King of England at Westminster Abbey. 1066 8. Key Assessment 1 (EA 1) December Witan supported his claim 9. Feedback on EA 1 Factors that helped the Normans to win the Battle of Hastings: No direct bloodline 10. To explore Norman castle - The Saxons were tired from fighting two battles in the north of England Powerful and experienced Harald design. - The Saxons were tired from marching quickly to Hastings. The wind changed at Danish king passed his claim Hardrada the perfect moment for William to invade while the south coast was to Hardrada Core Text unprotected. Witan ignored his claim KS3 History – Medieval Britain (410-1509) by Robert Peal. Section - The Saxon army was mostly made up of peasant farmers, rather than Great aunt was Queen of on the Norman Conquest. professional soldiers like the Norman army England - The Normans were able to fight on horseback, unlike the Saxons William Duke Powerful and experienced - The Normans played a clever trick on the Saxons to break their defence of Normandy Said Edward chose him in Key Assessment - William had gained the support of the Pope. This made the Saxon people very 1051 Key Assessment 1 (EA 1) – Essay frightened Witan ignored his claim on the reasons why the Normans - The Normans were lucky that Harold was killed. The battle would have won the Battle of Hastings. continued otherwise. Key dates Key Words 1135-53 Civil War between Stephen and Matilda. Angevin Empire The name given to the collection of lands ruled by the 1154 Henry II becomes king. Plantagenet kings, including England, Ireland and parts of 1161 Thomas Becket made archbishop of France. Canterbury. The Crusades Religious wars between Christians and Muslims in the Holy 1163/4 Conflict between Becket and Henry II. Year: 7 Land (in particular, Jerusalem). 1170 Becket is murdered. Barons Powerful nobles who own land in England. Term: 1b 1173-89 Conflict between Henry II and his wife and Topic: Becket and the sons. Magna Carta An agreement between the nobles and the king that he would Monarchy 1189 Richard II becomes king. not abuse their rights. 1190 Richard goes on Crusade. Excommunication A power of the Pope, to remove someone from the Catholic Church. Lesson Sequence 1194 Richard finally returns to England after being captured coming home. Aquitaine A large and wealthy duchy (part) of France. 1. The Plantagenets 1199 Richard dies, John becomes king. Plantagenet The family name of the kings descended from Geoffrey of 2. Henry II – good king? 1203 John apparently murders his nephew, Anjou. 3. Henry II and Becket Arthur (an heir to the throne). Archbishop of The most powerful religious figure in England. Thomas Becket 4. Henry II – bad king? 1209 John excommunicated (then pardoned) by Canterbury was appointed because Henry wanted more control over the 5. Henry II – judgement the Pope). church, but Becket had other ideas. 6. Richard I – good king? 1215 John forced to sign the Magna Carta. 7. Richard I – bad king? 1215-17 War with the barons, John dies in 1216. Civil War A war between people within the same country. 8. King John – bad king? 9. King John – good king? Family Tree – William I and the Plantagenets Key Individuals 10. Magna Carta Henry II First Plantagenet King, ruler of England and much of 11. King John – judgement France. 12. Assessment preparation Richard (I) the Richard’s eldest surviving son, rarely visited England, spent 13. Assessment Lionheart much of his reign on a Crusade to Jerusalem. 14. Assessment feedback John I Henry II’s youngest son who succeeded his brother Alliance Richard as king. Lost much of England’s lands in France, Key Question: fought with the barons and made to sign the Magna Carta. What makes a great king? Eleanor of Henry II’s wife, but also a powerful ruler in her own right. Aquitaine Increased England’s power by adding Aquitaine (part of Who was the greatest king of the France) to the Angevin Empire. Plantagenets? Thomas Henry II’s former friend and chancellor who turned against Becket the king after being made the Archbishop of Canterbury. Key Key Murdered by Henry’s knights. Assessment Resources Matilda Henry II’s mother and daughter of Henry I. The English Key nobles refused to accept her as Queen as so fought a Civil Assessment 2 SHP – Year 7 War against another of William’s grandchildren, Stephen. – Who was the History Stephen A grandson of William I, king of England, fought the Civil greatest textbook War against Matilda. He was succeeded (followed as king) Medieval king? by Matilda’s son, Henry, in an agreement to stop the war. Key Words Chronology The arrangements of events or dates in order of Feudal System A power structure where people held their land their occurrence. in return for promising loyalty, known as doing homage, and providing services such as working or fighting for their lord Democracy A country which is ruled by someone they have Black Death A disease in the Medieval period that killed Year: 7 elected.