NASA/TM-2016-219282 Sleep Environment Recommendations for Future Spaceflight Vehicles Erin E. Flynn-Evans, PhD MPH Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory NASA Ames Research Center Zachary A. Caddick San Jose State University Research Foundation Kevin Gregory San Jose State University Research Foundation National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 December 2016 NASA STI Program ... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected to the advancement of aeronautics and space papers from scientific and technical science. The NASA scientific and technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other information (STI) program plays a key part in meetings sponsored or co-sponsored helping NASA maintain this important role. by NASA. The NASA STI program operates under the SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, auspices of the Agency Chief Information technical, or historical information from Officer. 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Does not contain extensive analysis. Write to: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and 7115 Standard Drive technical findings by NASA-sponsored Hanover, MD 21076-1320 contractors and grantees. NASA/TM-2016-219282 Sleep Environment Recommendations for Future Spaceflight Vehicles Erin E. Flynn-Evans, PhD MPH Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory NASA Ames Research Center Zachary A. Caddick San Jose State University Research Foundation Kevin Gregory San Jose State University Research Foundation National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 December 2016 Available from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information National Technical Information Service 7115 Standard Drive 5301 Shawnee Road Hanover, MD 21076-1320 Alexandria, VA 22312 Available in electronic form at http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .........................................................................................................................1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................6 Methods............................................................................................................................................6 Sleep Hygiene ..................................................................................................................................6 Light .............................................................................................................................................6 Noise ............................................................................................................................................9 Ambient Temperature ................................................................................................................14 Air Quality .................................................................................................................................18 Comfort ......................................................................................................................................20 Spaceflight Analog Environments .................................................................................................22 Polar Expeditions .......................................................................................................................22 Underwater Environments .........................................................................................................24 SEALAB II ................................................................................................................................24 Tektite ........................................................................................................................................25 Tektite I ......................................................................................................................................25 Tektite II.....................................................................................................................................25 La Chalupa .................................................................................................................................26 NEEMO .....................................................................................................................................26 Spaceflight and Confinement Analogs ..........................................................................................28 The Skylab Medical Experiments Altitude Test (SMEAT) .......................................................28 Biosphere 2 ................................................................................................................................29 Mars Analogs .............................................................................................................................30 Yuegong-1..................................................................................................................................31 Extreme Environments...................................................................................................................31 Caves ..........................................................................................................................................31 Mountaineering ..........................................................................................................................32 Aircraft .......................................................................................................................................32 Military ......................................................................................................................................34 The Spaceflight Sleep Environment ..............................................................................................37 Vostok ........................................................................................................................................37 Mercury ......................................................................................................................................37 iii Voskhod .....................................................................................................................................37 Gemini........................................................................................................................................38 Soyuz..........................................................................................................................................39 Apollo ........................................................................................................................................39 Salyut .........................................................................................................................................44 Skylab ........................................................................................................................................45 Skylab 2 .....................................................................................................................................46 Skylab 3 .....................................................................................................................................46 Skylab 4 .....................................................................................................................................47 Space Shuttle ..............................................................................................................................47 Mir..............................................................................................................................................50