The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This publication was made possible through support provided by the Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration - United States Department of State. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration - United States Department of State. Publisher International Organization for Migration (IOM) – Brazil SAS Quadra 05, Bloco N, 3º Andar Edifício OAB Brasília-DF - Brazil / 70070-913 [email protected] IOM Chief of Mission in Brazil: Stephane Rostiaux Technical Expedient English translation Layout and design Peter Leamy Marcelo Bastos English version content review Marcelo Torelly and Natalia Maciel Originally published in Portuguese as: S691 Soluções duradouras para indígenas migrantes e refugiados no contexto do fluxo Venezuelano no Brasil / Elaine Moreira, Marcelo Torelly [coordenadores]. _ Brasília : Organização Internacional para as Migrações (OIM), 2020. 110 p. : il. English version: IOM. Durable solutions for indigenous migrants and refugees in the context of the Venezuelan flow in Brazil. Elaine Moreira, Marcelo Torelly (editors). Brasilia: International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2020. 110 p. ISBN 978-65-87187-01-3 1. International Migration; 2. Asylum/Refugees; 3. Indigenous migrants – Venezuela [Bolivarian Republic of]; Brazil. Moreira, Elaine; Torelly, Marcelo (eds.). This report has been published without formal editing by IOM. © 2020 International Organization for Migration (IOM) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. PUB2020/080/R INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (IOM) Established in 1951, IOM is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration and works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental partners. With 173 Member States, a further 8 States holding observer status and offices in over 100 countries, IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. It does so by providing services and advice to governments and migrants. IOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people. The IOM Constitution recognizes the link between migration and economic, social and cultural development, as well as to the right of freedom of movement. IOM works in the four broad areas of migration management: • Migration and development • Facilitating migration • Regulating migration • Forced migration. IOM activities that cut across these areas include the promotion of international migration law, policy debate and guidance, protection of migrants’ rights, migration health and the gender dimension of migration. PROJECT TEAM ELAINE MOREIRA Principal Researcher Professor at the Department of Latin American Studies at the University of Brasília (ELA-UnB), where she coordinates the Observatory on Rights and Indigenous Policy and collaborates with the Observatory on International Migration (OBMigra), and guest professor at the Aldo Moro University in Bari, Italy. She holds a PhD in social anthropology from the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (France) and is a member of the Commission on Indigenous Affairs of the Brazilian Association of Anthropology (ABA). Since the 2000s, she has worked with the Ye’Kuana people in Roraima. MARCELO TORELLY Executive Coordinator Coordinator of IOM’s Cooperation and Partnership Unit in Brazil. Holding a Doctorate in Law from the University of Brasília, he has worked for fifteen years in international cooperation and development, having worked for the federal government, in academia and in international organizations. Since 2016, he has been working on the theme of indigenous migration. Previously, he was a professor at the Catholic University of Brasília, a visiting scholar at the University of Oxford (United Kingdom) and a visiting researcher at Harvard University (United States). YSSYSSAY RODRIGUES IOM project coordinator in Florianopolis. She holds a Master’s in Social Sciences from Paulista State University and a Bachelor of Social Sciences in Anthropology from Campinas State University. She has worked in the area of involuntary displacement and migration for ten years, with experience among traditional peoples and communities in Brazil, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Mozambique. NATÁLIA MACIEL Coordinator of the IOM’s Counter-trafficking Unit in Brazil. She holds a Master’s in International Relations from the Carolina University of Prague (Czechia) and a Bachelor of Laws from the Catholic University of Pernambuco. She has experience working with think-tank projects in Germany and Czechia, in addition to working with direct assistance to migrants and refugees in civil society organizations. ACKNOWLEGEMENTS This study, commissioned by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), received financial support from the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration (PRM) and other support from various organizations and people who contributed with documents, information and content suggestions during the research, elaboration and revision of this text. The main researcher carried out field missions in October 2019 in the cities of Boa Vista, Pacaraima and Manaus. In each of these locations, logistical and content support from the IOM team was fundamental in conducting the workshops, interviews and meetings. The partners of the federal government and UN agencies’ Operação Acolhida (“Operation Welcome”) on the ground were also instrumental in obtaining the information and inputs that support the conclusions presented. Among the organizations that contributed to this study, we would like to highlight and thank the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the São Marcos Indigenous Land Association, the Indigenous Council of Roraima (CIR), the Brazilian Federal Public Defender’s Office (DPU), the Brazilian Ministry of Health’s Special Indigenous Sanitary District East (DSEI), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the Ministry of Citizenship, the Brazilian Public Ministry, the Special Secretariat for Indigenous Health (SESAI) in Roraima, the Brazilian Federal Government’s Operação Acolhida, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), the Brazilian Attorney General’s Office (PGR), the University of Brasília and the Federal University of Amazonas. In order to promote a wide-ranging peer review, this study was presented in a workshop with specialists in the IOM office in Brasília to share and discuss the results and collect corrections and suggestions for the final version of the material. We thank those who participated in the workshop for their valuable contributions: Akemi Kamimura, Anna Cunha, Daniel Belik, Ela Wiecko, Érica Kaefer, Gustavo Zortea, João Freitas de Castro Chaves, Leonardo Cavalcanti, Lucas Lima, Lúcia Barbosa, Maria Helena Ortolan, Mariana Alcalay, Matheus Alves do Nascimento, Nikolas de Camargo, Niusarete Lima, Pedro Moutinho, Sebastian Roa and Yssyssay Rodrigues. We are especially grateful to the Warao, Pemón and Eñepa indigenous people who participated in these workshops and shared their experiences, wishes and impressions, without which this study would not have been possible. Throughout this publication, we include testimonials from these participants in the hope of bringing them closer to our readers, placing these protagonists at the forefront in the decision-making processes that impact their lives. Brasília, April 2020 CONTENTS Acronyms 15 Images 16 Abstract 17 INTRODUCTION 19 1. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE VENEZUELAN MIGRATORY FLOW 25 1.1 The concept of a culturally appropriate durable solution 27 1.2 Indigenous migrations from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 28 to Brazil 1.2.1 The Warao in Roraima 29 1.2.2 Arrival in Manaus 31 1.2.3 Migration to Pará 34 2. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS OF THIS STUDY 39 2.1 Thematic workshops 41 2.2 Reasons for the displacement of the Warao 43 2.3 Access to health care for indigenous migrants and refugees 45 2.4 Access to education for indigenous migrants and refugees 46 2.5 Shelter policy 47 2.6 Presence of relatives in Brazil 49 2.7 Origins: the region of Araguabisi, Winikina and Mariusa 50 2.8 Professional