Access to History for the IB Diploma The Cold War and the Americas 1945–81 Vivienne Sanders The material in this title has been developed independently of the International Baccalaureate®, which in no way endorses it. The Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Photo credits: p30 Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy; p33 A 1947 Herblock Cartoon, copyright by The Herb Block Foundation; p60 Getty Images; p72 Hungerford Cy, artist. ‘An Uncomfortable Situation.’ December 3, 1953. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress; p84 Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; p98 Bettmann/Corbis; p109 Nick Ut/AP/Press Association Images; p114 Eddie Adams/AP/Press Association Images; p115 Bettmann/Corbis; p139 Roger Viollet/Getty Images; p155 Cecil Stoughton. White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston; p173 Copyright by Bill Maudlin (1965). Courtesy of Bill Maudlin Estate LLC; p176 Bettmann/Corbis; p194 Roger Viollet/Getty Images; p210 AFP/Getty Images; p228 Edmund Valtman, artist. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. Acknowledgements: p23 Foreign Affairs, Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. for an extract from an article published in 1947; p49 Saturday Evening Post for an extract from an article published in 1950; p78 Westview Press for an extract from Henry Raymont, Troubled Neigbors: The Story of US–Latin American Relations from Roosevelt to the Present, 2005; p78 Oxford University Press for an extract from Robert Holden and Eric Zolov (editors), Latin America and the United States, 2000; p85 Simon & Schuster for an extract from Stephen Ambrose, Nixon: Volume 1 – The Education of a Politician 1913–1962, 1987; p113 Oxford University Press for an extract from Robert Holden and Eric Zolov (editors), Latin America and United States, 2000; p141 The New York Times Company, New York Times for an extract from an article by Herbert Matthews, 1957; p144 New Republic for an extract from an article by Jean Daniel, 1963; p148 Suddeutsche Zeitung for an extract from an article by Hans Ulrich Kempski, 1960; p158 Foreign Affairs, Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. for an extract from an article by Eduardo Frei Montalvo, 1967; p172 Random House for an extract from William Fulbright, The Arrogance of Power, 1966; p182 Oxford University Press for an extract from Robert Schulzinger, U.S. Diplomacy Since 1900, 2002; p189 Duke University Press for an extract from Tulio Halperín Donghi, The Contemporary History of Latin America, 1996; pp218 and 231 Duke University Press for extracts from Gilbert Joseph and Daniela Spenser (editors), In From the Cold: Latin America’s New Encounter With the Cold War, 2008; p233 Cambridge University Press for an extract from Boris Fausto, A Concise History of Brazil, 1999. 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Cover photo: © Bettmann/Corbis Illustrations by Gray Publishing Typeset in 10/13pt Palatino and produced by Gray Publishing, Tunbridge Wells Printed in Italy A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN: 978 1444 156591 Contents Dedication 1 Introduction 2 1 What you will study 2 2 How you will be assessed 3 3 About this book 6 Chapter 1 US foreign policy pre-1945 9 1 The USA and Latin America pre-1945 9 2 The USA and Canada pre-1945 14 3 The USA and China pre-1945 14 Chapter 2 President Truman and the Cold War 16 1 The USA and Communism pre-1945 16 2 The start of the Cold War 18 3 Key debate: Why did the Cold War begin? 20 4 The Truman Doctrine and containment 22 5 The Truman Doctrine and Latin America 26 6 The Cold War and American society and culture 31 Examination advice and practice 39 Chapter 3 The Korean War 1950–3 42 1 Causes of the outbreak of the Korean War 42 2 Key debate: Why did the Korean War begin? 46 3 The course of events in the Korean War in 1950 47 4 A UN war 55 5 Ending the Korean War, 1951–3 59 6 The diplomatic and political outcomes of the Korean War 63 Examination advice and practice 67 Chapter 4 President Eisenhower and the ‘New Look’ 70 1 Eisenhower and change in foreign and defence policy 70 2 Eisenhower and Latin America 74 3 Key debate: What was the significance of the US intervention in Guatemala? 87 Examination advice and practice 90 Chapter 5 US involvement in the Vietnam War 93 1 The US involvement in Vietnam, 1950–69 93 2 The motives behind US involvement in Vietnam 100 3 Key debate: Why and how far did each US president get involved in Vietnam? 105 4 Why the USA failed in Vietnam 108 5 The end of the war 116 6 Domestic effects of the war 122 7 The role of Vietnam in the development of the Cold War 124 Examination advice and practice 129 Chapter 6 The Cuban Revolution 132 1 Cuba before 1959 132 2 Castro before 1959 136 3 Eisenhower, Cuba and Castro 146 Examination advice and practice 150 Chapter 7 From Kennedy to Carter: US foreign policy in 153 Latin America 1961–81 1 President Kennedy and Latin America 153 2 President Johnson and Latin America 168 3 President Nixon and control of the Western hemisphere 174 4 President Carter, human rights, the Panama Canal and Nicaragua 182 Examination advice and practice 190 Chapter 8 Cuba in the Cold War 193 1 Castro’s domestic policies 193 2 Cuban foreign policy 200 3 Castro’s Cuba: conclusions 215 Examination advice and practice 220 Chapter 9 The impact of the Cold War on Latin America 223 1 The debate over the external connection 223 2 Conclusions about the impact of the Cold War on Latin America 225 Timeline 236 Glossary 239 Further reading 243 Internal assessment 247 Index 248 Dedication Keith Randell (1943–2002) The original Access to History series was conceived and developed by Keith, who created a series to ‘cater for students as they are, not as we might wish them to be’. He leaves a living legacy of a series that for over 20 years has provided a trusted, stimulating and well-loved accompaniment to post-16 study. Our aim with these new editions for the IB is to continue to offer students the best possible support for their studies. 1 Introduction This book has been written to support your study of HL option 3: Aspects of the history of the Americas: The Cold War and the Americas 1945–81 of the IB History Diploma Route 2. This introduction gives you an overview of: � the content you will study for The Cold War and the Americas 1945–81 � how you will be assessed for Paper 3 � the different features of this book and how these will aid your learning. 1 What you will study The Cold War between the USA and the Soviet Union (roughly from 1946 to 1989) affected virtually every country in the Americas. Motivated primarily by Cold War anti-Communism, the USA worked to undermine governments that had the support of a large proportion of the population in countries such as Guatemala, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Chile and Nicaragua. In some of these countries, and in others such as Argentina and Bolivia, dictatorial regimes were supported by the USA, even as they terrorized and oppressed their own people. The desire to contain Communism led the USA to intervene militarily in nations in the Americas, such as the Dominican Republic and Cuba, and in Asia, where the USA sent hundreds of thousands of American soldiers to fight in Korea and Vietnam. This book covers the impact of the Cold War on the Americas: l It begins by providing an overview of US foreign policy in the Americas and Asia before 1945 (Chapter 1). l It examines how the Cold War began and how Truman’s policy of containing Communism developed.