Arnold toynbee books pdf Continue About the author: William H. McNeil is Professor emeritus of history at the University of Chicago. In the past, he was president of the American Historical Association, a member of the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and an honorary member of the Royal Historical Society. He is the author of several books, including World History, The Form of European History and the Rise of the West, awarded the National Book Award. Arnold Toynbee was born on April 14, 1889, in London, England. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and attended the British School in Athens for a time. He served in the British Foreign Office during both world wars and was a delegate to the 1919 Paris Peace Congress. From 1925 to 1955, he served as Director of Research at the Royal Institute of International Affairs and was Professor of History at the University of London around the same time. His publications include the Western issue in Greece and Turkey, Civilization on the Court, East to West: A Journey Around the World, a 12-volume study of history and Hellenism: The History of Civilization. He died on October 22, 1975. This article is about the universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee. For his uncle, an economic historian, to see Arnold Toynbee. British historian Arnold J. ToynbeeCH FBABornArnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-04-14)April 14, 1889London, EnglandDied22 October 1975 (1975-10-22) (age 86)York, EnglandNationalityBritishOcistorianHistorianKistonown forUniversal HistorySpouse (s)Rosalind Murray (m. 1913; div. 1946) Veronica M. Bolter (m. 1946) ChildrenAntony ToynbeePhilip ToynbeeLawrence ToynbeeRelativesArnold Toynbee (Uncle) Jocelyn Toynbee (sister) Academic vonAlma MaterBalliol College, Oxford Academic workInstitutionsBalliol College, OxfordKing's College, LondonLondon School of EconomicsRoyal Institute of International Affairs 14 Aparle ˈtɔɪnbi I 1889 - 22 October 1975 - British historian , a history philosopher, author of numerous books, professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London. Toynbee was a leading expert on international affairs between 1918 and 1950. He is best known for its 12th History Study (1934-1961). With his vast output of works, articles, speeches and presentations, as well as numerous books translated into many languages, Toynbee was widely read and discussed by scholars in the 1940s and 1950s. However, by the 1960s his magnum opus had fallen mute among mainstream historians and its vast readership had disappeared. Toynbee Biography (born 14 April 1889 in London) is the son of Harry Valpi Toynbee (1861-1941), secretary of the Society of Charities, and his wife Sarah. Marshall (1859-1939); his sister, Jocelyn Toynbee, was an archaeologist and art historian. Toynbee was the grandson of Joseph Toynbee, nephew of 19th-century economist Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883) and a descendant of prominent British intellectuals for generations. He received scholarships at Winchester College and Balliol College, Oxford (Literae Humaniores, 1907-1911), and studied for some time at the British School in Athens, which influenced the genesis of his philosophy of the decline of civilizations. In 1912 he became a lecturer and fellow in ancient history at Balliol College, and in 1915 began working in the intelligence department of the British Foreign Office. After serving as a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, he served as a professor of Byzantine and modern Greek at the University of London. It was here that Toynbee was appointed to the Department of Contemporary Greek and Byzantine History, Language and Literature at King's College, although he eventually resigned after a contentious academic dispute with a college professor. From 1921 to 1922, he was a correspondent for the Manchester Guardian during the Greek-Turkish War, leading to the publication of the Western Issue in Greece and Turkey. In 1925 he became Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Director of Research at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London. In 1937 he was elected a member of the British Academy (FBA), the National Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences of the United Kingdom. His first marriage was to Rosalind Murray (1890-1967), daughter of Gilbert Murray, in 1913; they had three sons, of whom Philip Toynbee was the second. They divorced in 1946; In the same year, Toynbee married his assistant Veronica M. Bolter (1893-1980). He died on 22 October 1975 at the age of 86. Views on the peaceful settlement after world War I and the geopolitical situation of Toynbee approved the holding of a plebiscite in Mazuri after the end of World War I, as it did in 1920. Despite the Polish majority in its parts, Toynbee opposed the separation of West Prussia from Germany in a peaceful settlement after World War I. In his 1915 book Nationality and War, Toynbee advocated the creation of a post-World War I peace settlement based on the principle of nationality. In Chapter IV of his 1916 book New Europe: Essays in Reconstruction, Toynbee criticized the concept of natural borders. In particular, Toynbee criticized the concept as an excuse to start additional wars so that countries could reach their natural borders. Toynbee also noted that once a country reaches one set of natural boundaries, it may subsequently seek to achieve another, further set of natural boundaries; For example, the German Empire established The natural border on the Voges Mountains in 1871, but during World War I, some Germans began to advocate for even more western natural borders - particularly those that stretch to Calais and the English Channel - conveniently justifying Germany's continued retention of those Belgian and French territories that Germany had just conquered during World War I. , Toynbee proposes to make free trade, partnership and cooperation between different countries with interconnected economies much easier, so that there would be less need for countries to expand even further - whether their natural borders or otherwise. In addition, Toynbee advocated that national borders should be based more on the principle of national self-determination, as in which the country in which people actually wanted to live in a particular area or territory (this principle is in fact indeed sometimes (albeit inconsistently) followed in the post-war peace settlement with the various plebiscites that were held twenty years after the end of the First World War. , Upper Silesia, Mazuria, Sopron, Carinthia and Saarland - in order to determine the future sovereignty and destiny of these territories. In Nationality and War, Toynbee offered various complex proposals and projections for the future of various countries, both European and non-European. With regard to the dispute between France and Germany between France and Germany, Toynbee proposed a series of plebiscites to determine its future fate - with the vote of Alsace as a single unit in the plebiscite because of its interconnected nature. Toynbee also proposed holding a plebiscite in Schleswig-Holstein to determine his future fate, and he argued that the linguistic line could make there a better new German-Danish border (indeed, the final plebiscite was held in Schleswig in 1920). As for Poland, Toynbee advocated the creation of an autonomous Poland under Russian rule (in particular, Poland in federal relations with Russia and which has a degree of home rule and autonomy, which is at least comparable to the Austrian Poles), which would put Russian, German and Austrian Poles under the same sovereignty and government. Toynbee argued that Polish unity would not be possible in the event of an Austro-German victory in World War I, as the victorious Germany did not want to transfer its own Polish territories (which it considers strategically important and still hopes for Germanization) to an autonomous or recently independent Poland. Toynbee also proposed giving most of Upper Silesia, The Province of Posen and Western Galicia to this autonomous Poland and proposed holding a plebiscite in Mazuri (as it did in 1920 with the Masurian plebiscite), allowing Germany to all of West Prussia, including the Polish parts, which later became known as the Polish Corridor (while, of course, makes Danzig a free city that autonomous Poland will be allowed to use). As for Austria-Hungary, Toynbee suggested Austria to give Galicia to Russia and the expanded autonomous Russian Poland, to give Transylvania and Bukovina to Romania, to abandon Trentino (but not Trieste or Southern Tyrol) of Italy and to abandon Bosnia, Croatia and Slovenia, so that new independent states could be formed there. Toynbee also advocated allowing Austria to keep the Czech Republic because of the strategic location of its Sudenet mountain range and allow Hungary to keep Slovakia. Toynbee also advocated the division of Bessarabia between Russia and Romania, with Russia holding Budjak while Romania acquired the rest of Bessarabia. Toynbee argued that Romania's acquisition of Budjac would be pointless because of its non-Kuril population and because it did not provide much value to Romania; however, Toynbee approved the Romanian use of the Russian port of Odessa, which will see its trade traffic double in such a scenario. As for Ukraine, or Small Russia, Toynbee rejected both the home rule and the federal decision for Ukraine. Toynbee's objection to the federal decision stems from his fears that a federal Russia would be too divided to have a unifying center of gravity, and thus be threatened by fragmentation and disintegration just as the United States had previously done for some time during its own civil war. Instead of autonomy, Toynbee proposed to make the Ukrainian language a soo official in the Great Russian parts of the Russian Empire, so that Ukrainians (or small Russians) could become members of the Russian policy body, as peers of the great Russians, and not as the lower great Russians.