Resource Guide ART AN EXPLORATION OF ILLNESS AND WELLNESS IN ART Chandler High School - Chandler, AZ 2019–2020 IN SICKNESS AND IN HEALTH: An Exploration of Illness and Wellness The vision of the United States Academic Decathlon® is to provide students the opportunity to excel academically through team competition. Toll Free: 866-511-USAD (8723) • Direct: 712-326-9589 • Fax: 651-389-9144 • Email: [email protected] • Website: www.usad.org This material may not be reproduced or transmitted, in whole or in part, by any means, including but not limited to photocopy, print, electronic, or internet display (public or private sites) or downloading, without prior written permission from USAD. Violators may be prosecuted. Copyright ® 2019 by United States Academic Decathlon®. All rights reserved. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION . .5 Brief Overview of Nonwestern Art ......32 Asian Art . 33 SECTION I: Chinese Art ...............................33 ART FUNDAMENTALS . .6 Indian Art ................................34 Introduction to Art History . .6 Japanese Art . 34 African and Oceanic Art . 34 Methods and Inquiries of Art History . 6 Islamic Art . .37 The Nature of Art Historical Inquiry . 7 The Americas . .37 Sources, Documents, and the Work of Art Historians .................................7 Elements of Art . .37 The Development of Art History . 8 Formal Qualities of Art . .37 Brief Overview of the Art of the Western Line . 37 World . .8 Shape and Form............................38 Perspective................................38 Ancient Civilizations . 9 Color ....................................39 Art of the Old Stone Age......................9 Texture ...................................40 Art of the Middle Stone Age..................10 Composition . 41 Art of the New Stone Age ....................10 Ancient Mesopotamian Art...................11 Processes and Techniques . .42 Persian Art................................12 Ancient Egyptian Art . 12 Drawing . .42 Nubian Art................................13 Printmaking . .43 Greek and Roman Art . 13 Painting . 44 Chandler High School - Chandler, AZ Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean Art . 13 Photography . 45 Ancient Greek Art..........................14 Sculpture . 46 Etruscan Art . 15 Mixed Media . 47 Roman Art................................15 Byzantine and Medieval Art . 16 Performance . 47 The Renaissance in Southern Europe . 17 Craft and Folk Art . .47 The Renaissance in Northern Europe . .21 Architecture . .48 Baroque Art . .22 Section I Summary . 49 Rococo, Neoclassicism, and Romanticism . 25 Realism and Impressionism . .26 Post-Impressionism and Other Late SECTION II: ART AND THE Nineteenth-Century Developments . 27 PLAGUE . .51 The Emergence of Modernism . 28 Abstraction . 30 Representing the Bubonic Plague in Early Pop Art, Minimalism, and Photorealism . .31 Modern Europe . .51 Earthworks, Installations, and Performance . .31 2019–2020 Art Resource Guide • (Updated July 30, 2019) 2 Selected Work: Pieter Bruegel the Section III Summary . .82 Elder, The Triumph of Death, c.1562 ..52 Selected Work: Josse Lieferinxe, SECTION IV: WOMEN, SICKNESS, St. Sebastian Interceding for the AND PORTRAITURE . .85 Plague Stricken, 1497–99 ............55 The Ideal and the Real Female Body as a Subject in Nineteenth- and Twentieth- The AIDS Crisis and Contemporary Century Art . .85 Art . .58 Selected Work: James Abbott McNeill Selected Work: Keith Haring, Whistler, Maud Reading in Bed, Altarpiece, 1990/1996, Cathedral of 1883–84 . .86 Saint John the Divine...............60 Selected Work: Frida Kahlo, Without Selected Work: David Wojnarowicz, Hope (Sin Esperanza), 1945 ...........90 Untitled (Falling Buffalos), 1988–89 . .62 Section IV Summary .................92 Section II Summary ................. 64 SECTION V: NEURASTHENIA AND VITALITY IN TURN OF THE SECTION III: THE RISE OF CENTURY ART...................94 MODERN MEDICINE . .66 Neurasthenia and the New Woman in The Professionalization of Medical Practice American Art at the Turn of the Twentieth from the Renaissance through the Twentieth Century . .94 Century . .66 Selected Work: Thomas Wilmer Dewing, Selected Work: Filippo Brunelleschi, A Reading, 1897 . .95 Ospedale Degli Innocenti, c.1419, Florence, Italy . .67 Selected Work: John Singer Sargent, Mr. and Mrs. I. N. Phelps Stokes, Chandler High School - Chandler, AZ Selected Work: Rembrandt Van Rijn, 1897 ..............................97 The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, 1632 . .69 Selected Work: Francis Picabia, Agnes Meyer, 1915 .................101 Selected Work: Thomas Eakins, Portrait of Dr. Samuel D. Gross (The Section V Summary.................104 Gross Clinic), 1875..................73 Selected Work: Kadir Nelson, Henrietta SECTION VI: ART AND MENTAL Lacks (HeLa): The Mother Of Modern HEALTH . .107 Medicine, 2017 . .76 The Othering of Mental Illness in Art ...107 Selected Work: HOK with Jack Travis, Selected Work: William Hogarth, Harlem Hospital Pavilion Facade, Illustration of Bedlam from A Rake’s 2005–12, New York . .79 Progress, 1735 . .108 2019–2020 Art Resource Guide • (Updated July 30, 2019) 3 Selected Work: Théodore Géricault, CONCLUSION . .120 The Madwoman, 1819–20 . 111 TIMELINE . .121 Representing the Experience of Mental Illness in Art . 113 GLOSSARY......................124 Selected Work: Francisco Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters NOTES ..........................126 (El sueño de la razon produce monstruos), 1799 ...................113 BIBLIOGRAPHY . .129 Selected Work: Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889 .............115 Section VI Summary ................118 Chandler High School - Chandler, AZ 2019–2020 Art Resource Guide • (Updated July 30, 2019) 4 Introduction The fascination with sickness and human frailty emphasizes its connections to the local community transcends media, time, and space. It is a subject and African-American history. that can allow artists to express the concerns of the cultural moment or represent experiences that are The fourth and fifth sections of the resource guide not always visible to the naked eye. This resource deal with gender and medicine. Section IV looks guide explores eighteen works produced in Europe, at the use of art to represent the sick female body, North America, and Japan that deal in fundamental whether it be the body of a loved one or the artist’s ways with disease, illness, and health. The historical own self. Section V examines neurasthenia, a range of the artists discussed here stretches from the nineteenth-century nervous disorder thought to be Italian Renaissance to global contemporary art. The caused by modernity. This section contrasts the artworks represented include a hospital, an altarpiece, discourse and imagery surrounding the disease with a photograph, paintings, prints, and an art installation. the rising interest in the New Woman, as expressed in images—both representational and abstract—of The first section of the resource guide describes healthy, dynamic women. the methods of art history and provides a brief overview of the trajectory of Western art, along with a The final section of the resource guide studies discussion of Asian, African, Islamic, and Indigenous mental illness in art and how its representation has American art traditions. There is a discussion of the evolved from the sensationalizing depictions of the basic formal qualities of art and the techniques and infamous Bedlam asylum to more introspective media used to express these elements. and empathetic images born out of artists’ personal experiences. Examining illness as a subject in art The second section of the resource guide investigates provides a window into how our conceptions of how art has responded to the plague and other health disease, treatment, and health are culturally specific Chandler High School - Chandler, AZ crises. This section includes Renaissance paintings and evolve over time. created in response to the Black Death and examines the art world’s response to the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s. NOTE TO STUDENTS: Throughout the resource guide you will notice that some terms have been boldfaced and The third section of the resource guide explores underlined . These terms are included in the glossary of what artworks can tell us about the development terms at the end of the resource guide . Also, students should of modern medicine. This section examines the be aware that dates in art history, especially early dates, architecture of a hospital, surgical scenes from the frequently vary depending on the source and are often highly contested . The dates presented in this resource guide are not seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, a modern-day necessarily definitive, but are those dates provided by the portrait commemorating a once-hidden contributor museums that house the artworks or the sources consulted by to medical science, and a hospital facade that the author in writing this guide . 2019–2020 Art Resource Guide • (Updated July 30, 2019) 5 Section 1 Art Fundamentals INTRODUCTION TO ART sculpture, and architecture, usually produced specifically for appreciation by an audience who HISTORY also understood these objects as works of art. Today Art history is an academic discipline dedicated to the we define art much more broadly, also taking into reconstruction of the social, cultural, and economic consideration objects that in the past were dismissed contexts in which an artwork was created. The basic as “craft”: textiles, pottery, and body art such as goal of this work is to arrive at an understanding of tattoos,