Brinkley, Chapter 19.2 Notes Brinkley The Causes of Imperialism Imperialism - The policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker nations. Several developments shifted American attention to lands across the seas. Chapter 19 1. Subjugating the American Indians provided experience of exerting colonial control over dependent people. 2. The supposed "closing of the frontier" produced fears that natural resources would soon dwindle. Part II 3. Depression of the 1890s encouraged some Colonial economies are businessmen to look for extractive economies - new markets abroad. the imperial country extracted raw materials Imperialism from the colony and shipped them to the home country. The New Manifest Destiny Becoming A World Power 4. Bitter social protests (Populists, labor, 1867 - Secretary of State William Seward purchased Alaska women) led some politicians to urge a more from Russia for $7.2 million 1895 - U.S. businessmen saw Latin aggressive foreign policy as an outlet for America as a natural place to frustrations that would otherwise destabilize expand trade and investments. domestic life. By 1900, the U.S. had the 3rd largest navy in the world 5. Europeans carved Africa among themselves and Americans were afraid they Secretary of State James Blaine preached the were "behind". benefits of economic cooperation to delegates of 17 Latin American nations. 6. Darwin's theories justified imperialism. Constructed the Pan-American Highway System that runs through Certain nations and races were superior to North America. others and therefore were destined to rule over inferior peoples and cultures. Soon, entrepreneurs looked to the 7. Alfred T. Mahan urged the US government to build a great navy in his work, Pacific to expand their capitalist The Influence of Sea Power upon History. ventures Becoming A World Power Hawaii Hawaii and other Pacific Islands were coveted In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry sailed a by the US as feasible stopping points to fleet of American warships into Tokyo, Japan. China. The Japanese thought his ships were "giant Officers of the US Navy looked at Pearl dragons puffing smoke" Harbor as a possible permanent base for Not This One! Perry showered the Japanese US ships. emperor with lavish gifts Japan realized since they closed themselves off The growing number of Americans who for such a long time, they were far behind the had taken up residence on the in Hawaii world militarily and wanted to build up their increased American presence. military. In 1810, King Kamehameha I established dominance, welcomed American traders Perry negotiated the treaty of Amity and and helped them develop a thriving trade between Hawaii and China. Commerce that opened Japan to trade with America Missionaries began settling in the early 19th century. Perry's journey set a precedent for further William Hooper was the 1st American to buy land & establish a sugar plantation. expansion across the Pacific Ocean 1 Brinkley, Chapter 19.2 Notes Hawaii Hawaii Arrival of missionaries and planters devastated Hawaiian society. They brought Hawaiians did not accept their subordination without protest. diseases that killed Hawaiians. Missionaries replaced native religion w/ Christianity. In 1891 they elevated Queen Liliuokalani to the throne. Other settlers introduced firearms, liquor, and a commercial economy - eroding She set out to challenge the growing American control of Hawaiian society. the islands. She only remained in power for 2 years. By the 1840s, American planters spread throughout the islands; and American settler, In 1890, the US eliminated the exemption from American tariffs in Hawaiian sugar G.P. Judd became Prime Minister of Hawaii under King Kamehameha III, who agreed trade. The result was devastating to the economy of the islands, and American to establish a constitutional monarchy. planters concluded the only way for them to recover was to become part of the US In 1887, the US negotiated a treaty with Hawaii permitting it to and be exempt from tariffs. open Pearl Harbor. By then, growing sugar for export to American In 1893 planters staged a revolution and called upon became the basis of the Hawaiian economy - as a result of an 1875 the US for protection. After a US warship arrived in agreement allowing Hawaiian sugar to enter the US without a tariff. Honolulu harbor, the Queen yielded her authority. The American-dominated sugar plantation system displaced native A provisional government, led by Sanford Dole was Hawaiians from their lands and relied heavily on Asian immigrants, whom quickly established and sent a delegation to DC to the Americans considered more reliable and more docile than the natives. negotiate annexation. Congress approved it in 1898. Controversy Over Cuba Controversy Over Cuba Since the 1860s, Americans were sympathetic to the Cuban struggle for By 1898, McKinley warned the Spanish to quickly establish independence from Spain led by Jose Marti. "Cuba Libre!" peace or the U.S. would take whatever steps it “should deem Problem with Spanish Control over Cuba: necessary to procure this result.” By 1897, American entrepreneurs invested McKinley formally protested Spain's "uncivilized and inhuman" $50 million in sugar cane plantations and conduct, causing the Spanish government to offer some reform other ventures in Cuba. These businessmen but Cubans demanded independence and Spain refused. saw Cuba as a growing market for American products. Causes of the Spanish American War 1. The de Lome Letter. Described McKinley as a Sensationalist journalism (jingoism) in the US created the weak and stupid man. Enraged Americans. impression that the Spaniards were committing atrocities. Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) and William Randolph Hearst 2. The American battleship USS Maine blew up in (New York Journal) were leading newspaper publishers who Havana harbor with a loss of more than 260 people. “Remember the Maine!” sent reporters to Cuba to provide accounts of Spanish Americans accused (inaccurately) that the Spanish sunk atrocities on Cubans. the ship. Their publications were called the "Yellow Press" because they 3. American Imperialist Ambitions. Keep up with European Imperial Powers featured a popular comic-strip character called The Yellow Kid. Causes of the Spanish American War "A Splendid Little War" War hysteria swept the nation and Congress unanimously appropriated $50 Significance: million for military preparations. McKinley still hoped to avoid conflict. But others 1. At the center of the fighting were the in his administration, particularly his Secretary of War, Theodore Roosevelt were Rough Riders led by Theodore Roosevelt who clamoring for war. resigned his cabinet position to be involved In March 1898, at McKinley's in the war. = WAR HERO request, Spain agreed to stop the His fame rested in large part on his role in fighting but refused to negotiate leading a bold reckless charge up Kettle Hill with the rebels and reserved the directly into the face of Spanish guns. right to resume hostilities at its Roosevelt emerged untouched but lost over a discretion. hundred soldiers. 2. U.S. Marines captured Guantanamo Bay. That satisfied neither public opinion nor Congress. On April 25, McKinley asked for Senator Henry M. Teller (CO) proposed an amendment to the US declaration of and received a declaration of war against war against Spain proclaiming the US would not establish permanent control over Spain. Cuba. Teller Amendment - The US "hereby disclaims any disposition of intention Sec. of State John Hay called the Spanish-American war "a splendid little war" because to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for the war onl lasted a few months because Cuban rebels already weakened Spanish pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to resistance, making the American intervention simply a "mopping-up" exercise. leave the government and control of the island to its people." The US occupied Cuba until 1902. 2 Brinkley, Chapter 19.2 Notes Puerto Rico and the United States Seizing the Philippines Puerto Ricans resisted Spanish rule like the Cubans did. Like Cuba, the Spanish Assistant Secretary of Navy Theodore Roosevelt strengthened the navy's Pacific made only minor reforms but no independence. fleet and instructed Commander Commodore George Dewey to attack Spanish naval forces in the Philippines, a colony of Spain. But before the changes had any chance to take effect, control of Puerto Rico shifted to the US during the Spanish American War. The Foraker Act ended Dewey completely destroyed the Spanish in military rule and established a formal colonial government. Manila. Several months later, after the arrival of an American expeditionary force, the Spanish Agitation for independence continued, and in 1917, Congress passed the Jones- surrendered to the US Shaforth Act- declaring Puerto Rico as US territory & made all Puerto Ricans American citizens. While Dewey was defeating the Spanish Navy, Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo were The Puerto Rican sugar industry flourished as it took advantage of the overpowering the Spanish army. American market that was now open to it without tariffs. Spain realized the war was fruitless. On August 12, an armistice ended the war. As in Hawaii, Americans from the mainland established large sugar plantations. Terms of armistice: Spain recognized the independence of Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico The growing emphasis on sugar as a cash crop, and the transformation