Contents CHAPTER 16 ....................................................................................................................................... 494 Sanctions, Export Controls, and Certain Other Restrictions........................................................... 494 A. IMPOSITION, IMPLEMENTATION, AND MODIFICATION OF SANCTIONS ..................................... 494 1. Iran .......................................................................................................................................... 494 a. General ................................................................................................................................ 494 b. Implementation of UN Security Council resolutions ............................................................... 497 c. U.S. sanctions and other controls.......................................................................................... 497 d. Humanitarian mechanism to increase transparency of permissible trade with Iran ............... 511 2. Syria......................................................................................................................................... 513 3. Turkey’s actions in Syria ........................................................................................................... 513 4. Cuba ........................................................................................................................................ 516 5. Venezuela ................................................................................................................................ 518 a. General background and new executive orders (E.O. 13857 and E.O. 13884) ........................ 518 b. E.O. 13692 ........................................................................................................................... 521 c. Visa restrictions .................................................................................................................... 524 d. E.O. 13850 ........................................................................................................................... 525 e. E.O. 13884 ........................................................................................................................... 531 6. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea .................................................................................... 531 a. General ................................................................................................................................ 531 b. Nonproliferation................................................................................................................... 532 7. Russia ...................................................................................................................................... 534 a. Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act Sanctions ............... 534 b. Sanctions in response to Russia’s actions in Ukraine ............................................................. 536 8. Nonproliferation ...................................................................................................................... 538 a. Country-specific sanctions .................................................................................................... 538 b. Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act (“INKSNA”)............................................... 539 9. Terrorism ................................................................................................................................. 539 a. UN and other coordinated multilateral action ...................................................................... 539 b. U.S. targeted financial sanctions .......................................................................................... 541 c. Annual certification regarding cooperation in U.S. antiterrorism efforts ............................... 550 10. Cyber Activity and Election Interference ............................................................................... 550 a. Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities ....................................................................................... 550 b. Election Interference ............................................................................................................ 551 11. The Russia Magnitsky and Global Magnitsky Sanctions Programs and Other Measures Aimed at Corruption and Human Rights Violations ......................................................................................... 551 a. The Russia Magnitsky Act ..................................................................................................... 551 b. The Global Magnitsky Sanctions Program ............................................................................. 553 c. Designations under Section 7031(c) of the Annual Consolidated Appropriations Act ............. 560 12. Targeted Visa Restrictions and Sanctions Relating to Threats to Democratic Process and Restoration of Peace, Security, and Stability .................................................................................... 566 a. China (relating to Xinjiang) ................................................................................................... 566 b. Nicaragua ............................................................................................................................ 567 c. Nigeria ................................................................................................................................. 570 d. Mali .................................................................................................................................... 570 e. South Sudan ......................................................................................................................... 573 f. Democratic Republic of the Congo ........................................................................................ 574 13. Transnational Crime ............................................................................................................. 575 B. EXPORT CONTROLS ..................................................................................................................... 575 1. Additions to Entity List: Huawei ............................................................................................... 575 2. Debarments ............................................................................................................................. 576 3. Consent Agreements................................................................................................................ 576 a. Darling Industries ................................................................................................................. 576 b. L3Harris Technologies, Inc. ................................................................................................... 577 c. AeroVironment ..................................................................................................................... 577 4. Litigation .................................................................................................................................. 578 a. Stagg v. Department of State................................................................................................ 578 b. Washington v. Department of State ..................................................................................... 578 c. Thorne v. Department of State ............................................................................................. 579 Cross References ................................................................................................................................. 580 CHAPTER 16 Sanctions, Export Controls, and Certain Other Restrictions This chapter discusses selected developments during 2019 relating to sanctions, export controls, and certain other restrictions relating to travel or U.S. government assistance. It does not cover developments in many of the United States’ longstanding financial sanctions regimes, which are discussed in detail at https://www.treasury.gov/resource- center/sanctions/Pages/default.aspx. It also does not cover comprehensively developments relating to the export control programs administered by the Commerce Department or the defense trade control programs administered by the State Department. Details on the State Department’s defense trade control programs are available at https://pmddtc.state.gov/ddtc_public. A. IMPOSITION, IMPLEMENTATION, AND MODIFICATION OF SANCTIONS 1. Iran a. General The State Department issued a fact sheet on April 4, 2019 regarding the U.S. campaign to apply maximum pressure on the Iranian regime to change its behavior. The fact sheet is available at https://www.state.gov/maximum-pressure-campaign-on-the-regime-in- iran/ and excerpted below. ___________________ * * * * The U.S. sanctions have cut off Iran’s access to billions of dollars in oil revenue and are driving its exports lower than ever before. Since last May, 1.5 million barrels/day of Iranian crude have been taken off the market and purchases of Iranian crude will soon be at zero. 494 495 DIGEST OF UNITED STATES PRACTICE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Starting with the re-imposition of our sanctions on November 5, 2018, Iran’s access to revenue from the sale of crude oil was immediately restricted. Overall, our sanctions have denied the regime direct access to as much as $10 billion in oil revenue since