Using satellite tagging and molecular techniques to improve the ecologically sustainable fisheries management of shortfin makos (Isurus oxyrinchus) in the Australasian region Tactical Research Fund Rogers, P.Ja., Corriganb, S. and Lowtherc. A. July 2015 FRDC Project No. 2011/077 aSARDI Aquatic Sciences, West Beach, South Australia. bHollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson, Charleston, USA. cNorwegian Polar Institute, Hjalmar Johansensgata, Tromsø 9296, Norway © 2015 Fisheries Research and Development Corporation and South Australian Research and Development Institute. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-1-921563-81-2 Using satellite tagging and molecular techniques to improve the ecologically sustainable fisheries management of shortfin makos (Isurus oxyrinchus) in the Australasian region. Tactical Research Fund. 2011/077 2015 Ownership of Intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation and the South Australian Research and Development Institute. This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owner. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. This publication (and any information sourced from it) should be attributed to Rogers, P. J., Corrigan, S., and Lowther, A. South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences) 2015, Using satellite tagging and molecular techniques to improve the ecologically sustainable fisheries management of shortfin makos (Isurus oxyrinchus) in the Australasian region. Tactical Research Fund. Adelaide, July. Creative Commons licence All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, logos and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en. The full licence terms are available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/legalcode. Inquiries regarding the licence and any use of this document should be sent to: [email protected]. Disclaimer The authors warrant that they have taken all reasonable care in producing this report. The report has been through the SARDI internal review process, and has been formally approved for release by the Research Chief, Aquatic Sciences. Although all reasonable efforts have been made to ensure quality, SARDI does not warrant that the information in this report is free from errors or omissions. SARDI does not accept any liability for the contents of this report or for any consequences arising from its use or any reliance placed upon it. Material presented in these Administrative Reports may later be published in formal peer-reviewed scientific literature. The information, opinions and advice contained in this document may not relate, or be relevant, to a reader’s particular circumstances. Opinions expressed by the authors are the individual opinions expressed by those persons and are not necessarily those of the publisher, research provider or the FRDC. The Fisheries Research and Development Corporation plans, invests in and manages fisheries research and development throughout Australia. It is a statutory authority within the portfolio of the federal Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, jointly funded by the Australian Government and the fishing industry. Researcher Contact Details FRDC Contact Details Name: SARDI Aquatic Sciences Address: 25 Geils Court Address: 2 Hamra Avenue Deakin ACT 2600 West Beach Phone: 02 6285 0400 Fax: 08 8207 5481 Fax: 02 6285 0499 Phone: 0882075344 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web: www.frdc.com.au In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to FRDC publishing this material in its edited form. ii Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................................ VI ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................................... VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 NEED ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 23 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................................................... 55 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................................................... 66 IMPLICATIONS ...................................................................................................................................................... 68 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 68 EXTENSION AND ADOPTION ................................................................................................................................. 70 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................... 71 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................................................... 81 iii Tables Table 1. Tag deployment statistics for satellite tracked shortfin makos between 2008 and 2013 .............. 13 Table 2. Details of mean bearing of the track per individual from the tagging location to each CRAWL filtered position, mean swim speed, mean rate of movement distance travelled and distal displacement distance. ........................................................................................................................ 28 Table 3. Genetic diversity at mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite markers ................................. 38 Table 4. Pairwise measures of population differentiation based on mitochondrial DNA. ............................ 42 Table 5. Pairwise measures of population differentiation based on nuclear microsatellite data ................. 45 Table 6. Comparisons of pairwise measures of population differentiation for females and males based on ΦST values for mitochondrial DNA (a) and GST’’ values for nuclear microsatellite data……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..55 0 Table 7. F-statistics, relatedness, mean assignment and variance assignment for each sex .................... 51 Table 8. Tests of spatial autocorrelation and among sex correlogram heterogeneity ................................ 52 Table 9. Estimates of effective population size and associated upper and lower bounds of the 95% confidence interval ............................................................................................................................... 54 Figures Figure 1. Tagging locations of shortfin makos in Australia and New Zealand .............................................. 9 Figure 2. Locations, bathymetric and oceanographic features mentioned in the text of the report ............ 11 Figure 3. Cradle used to handle shortfin makos during deployment of satellite tags. ................................ 12 Figure 4. Regions and locations where tissue samples of shortfin makos were collected for genetic analyses in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. Locations sampled within regions are represented by the yellow square symbols. Regions include the Northern Atlantic, South Africa, Northern Indian, Western Australia, Indo Pacific, southern and eastern Australia and New Zealand. Western and southern Australia were grouped to comprise southwestern Australasia and the Indo- Pacific and eastern Australia were grouped to comprise eastern Australia for some analyses. ......... 16 Figure 5. Map showing tagging and recapture locations for shortfin makos............................................... 24 Figure 6. A. Wind-rose percentage frequency plots showing bearing of movement of shortfin