The Protection of Confidentiality in Arbitration Balancing the Tensions Between Commerce and Public Policy Julian Christopher Patric Brown Doctor of Philosophy London Metropolitan University February 202 1 ‘The English have always been more given to peacableness and industry than other people and rather than go so far as London and be at so great charges with Attorneys and Lawyers, they will refer their differences to the Arbitration of their Parish Priests … or to the Arbitration of honest neighbours’ - Angliæ Notitia by Edward Chamberlayne, 1684 ‘The two systems (arbitration and litigation) ought indeed to be properly regarded as co-ordinate rather than rival’1 - Lord Parker CJ 1 Lord Parker CJ cited in R. Finch, ‘London: Still the Cornerstone of International Commercial Arbitration and Commercial Law?’(2004) 70(4)Arbitration 2004 256, 269. ii Abbreviations AAA American Arbitration Association AALCO Asian African Legal Consultative Organization ABA American Bar Association ACIC Arbitration Centre of Iran Chamber ACICA Australian Centre for International Commercial Arbitration ADCCAC Abu Dhabi Conciliation and Arbitration Centre ADGM Abu Dhabi Global Market AIA Italian Arbitration Association AIAC Asian International Arbitration Centre ALF Association of Litigation Funders ASA Association Suisse de l’Arbitrage (Swiss Arbitration Association) ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ATE After-the-event insurance BAIAC Beihai Asia International Arbitration Centre BTE Before-the-event insurance CAS Court of Arbitration for Sports CCIAG Corporate Counsel International Arbitration Group CEDR Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution CEPANI Belgian Centre for Arbitration and Mediation CFA Conditional Fee Agreement CFBU Consumer Financial Protection Bureau CIArb. Chartered Institute of Arbitrators CIETAC China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission CIETAC HK China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Hong Kong Arbitration Centre Civ. Div. Civil Division Ch. D. Chancery Division CJ Chief Justice Com. Ct. Commercial Court CTF Coffee Trade Federation CLC International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992 CLC (Bunkers) International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage (Bunker Convention), 2001 CPR Civil Procedure Rules DBA Damages-based-agreement DBA Regulations Damages-Based Agreement Regulations 2013. DAC Departmental Advisory Committee [on Arbitration Law] DIAC Dubai International Arbitration Centre DIFC Dubai International Financial Centre Arbitration Institute DIS Deutsche Institution für Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (German Institute of Arbitration) EC European Community ECA European Court of Arbitration ECAFE United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East ECHR European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council EEC European Economic Community EU European Union FAA Federal Arbitration Act of United States of America (1926) FCC Finland Chamber of Commerce FD&D Freight, Demurrage and Defence iii FOSFA Federation of Oils Seeds and Fats GA General Average GAFTA Grain and Feed Trading Association GMAA German Maritime Arbitrators Association HKIAC Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre HRA Human Rights Act 1998 IACS International Association of Classification Societies. IBA International Bar Association IBA Rules IBA Rules of Ethics for International Arbitrators ICA Indian Council of Arbitration ICC International Chamber of Commerce ICCA International Council for Commercial Arbitration ICCA Handbook International Council for Commercial Arbitration Handbook ICDR International Centre for Dispute Resolution (American Arbitration Association) ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes IDRC International Dispute Resolution Centre ILA International Law Association J Judge Jackson Report Review of Civil Litigation Costs: Final Report (2009) JCAA Japan Commercial Arbitration Association KCAB Korean Commercial Arbitration Board LCIA London Court of International Arbitration LJ Lord Justice LR Lloyd’s Register Classification Society Lloyd’s Rep. Lloyd’s Law Reports LMAA London Maritime Arbitrator’s Association LME London Metal Exchange LMLN Lloyd’s Maritime Law Newsletter LRBA London Rice Brokers’ Association MIArb. Malaysian Institute of Arbitrators MODU Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NAI Netherlands Arbitration Institute PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration (The Hague) QMU Queen Mary University RICS Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors SCAI Swiss Chambers’ Arbitration Institution (Swiss Chambers) SCC Stockholm Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Institute SCMA Singapore Chamber of Maritime Arbitration SIAC Singapore International Arbitration Centre SIArb. Singapore Institute of Arbitrators SMA Society of Maritime Arbitrators TAE The Academy of Experts TAI Thai Arbitration Institute TPF Third Party Funding/Third Party Funder UIA Union Internationale des Avocats UN United Nations UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law UNCITRAL Model Law UNCITRAL Model law on International Commercial Arbitration UNCITRAL Rules 1976 UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules of 1976 UNCITRAL Rules UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules of 2010 VIAC Rules VIAC Rules of Arbitration (Vienna Rules) VLCC Very large crude carrier WIPO World Intellectual Property Organisation iv Wreck Removal Convention Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks ZCC Zurich Chamber of Commerce v Table of Cases English Cases A v B [2019] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 275 A & Ors v B & Anor [2011] EWHC 2345 (Comm) A Monk & Co Ltd v Devon County Council [1978] 10 BLR 9 Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Co Ltd v Eastern Bechtel Corporation [1982] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 425 AG v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No 2) [1988] 3 All ER 545 Alfred Crompton Amusement Machines Ltd. v Customs and Excise Comrs [1972] 2 QB 102 Ali Shipping Corporation v Shipyard Trogir [1998] 2 All ER 136; [1999] 1 WLR 314 Almazeedi v Penner [2018] UKPC 3 Alterskye v Scott [1948] 1 All ER 469 Anonymous (1564) 2 Dyer 243b and 73 E.R. 538 Arab National Bank v El Sharif Saoud Bin Masoud Bin Haza'a El- Abdali [2004] EWHC 2381 (Comm) Associated Electric and Gas Insurance Services Ltd v European Reinsurance Co of Zurich (Bermuda) [2003] UKPC 11; [2003] 1WLR 1041 (on appeal from Bermuda) ASM Shipping Ltd of India v TTMI Ltd of England [2005] EWHC 2238 (Comm); [2006] 2 All ER (Comm) 122 Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No 2) [1990] 1 AC 109 Attorney General for Gibraltar v May [1999] 1 WLR 998 Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Limited [2001] 208 CLR 199 Avril v Boultby [2008] 5 WLUK 324 Bank of Crete SA v Koskotas (No 2) [1992] 1 WLR 919 Bank Mellat v GAA Development and Construction Co [1988] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 44 Beale v Thompson (1803) 3 Bosanquet and Puller 405 127 E.R. 221 Beckett Pte Ltd v Deutsche Bank AG [2005] 3 SLR 39 Berkshire Senior Citizens Housing Association Ltd v McCarthy E Fitt Ltd [1979] 15 BLR 32 Beumer Group UK Ltd v Vinci Construction UK Ltd [2017] BLR 53 Bibby Bulk Carriers Ltd v Cansulex Ltd [1989] QB 155 Black-Clawson International Ltd v Papierwerke Waldhof Aschaffenburg AG [1975] 2 Lloyd's Rep 11 Bruce (W) Ltd v J Strong [1951] 2 KB 447; [1951] 1 All ER 1021, CA Bradley v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd [1989] AC 957 Callery v Gray [2001] EWCA Civ 1117 Cetelem SA v Roust Holdings Ltd [2005] EWCA Civ 618 Campbell v MNG Ltd [2004] 2 AC 457 Carey & Browne v Henderson & Liddle [1920] 2 L1 L Rep. 479 Carter v Boehm (1766) 3 Burr 1905 Cavendish Square Holding BV v Talal El Makdessi and ParkingEye Limited v Beavis [2015] UKSC 67 Ceval Alimentos SA v Agrimpex Trading Co Ltd [1995] 2 Lloyd's Rep 380 Chartered Institute of Arbitrators v B, C, D [2019] EWHC 460 (Comm) Coco v A N Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1969] RPC 41 Cofely Ltd v Bingham [2016] EWHC 240 (Comm) Cook and Songate’s Case (1588) 4 Leon 31 Crest Homes Plc v Marks [1987] A.C. 829 Dadourian Group (DGI) International Inc. v Simms [2004] EWCA Civ 686, unreported Deloitte & Touche LLP v Dickson [2005] EWHC 721 (Ch) Department of Economics, Policy and Development of the City of Moscow v Bankers Trust Co [2003] EWHC 1377 (Comm); [2003] 1 WLR 2885 Department of Economics, Policy and Development of the City of Moscow v Bankers Trust Co vi [2004] EWCA Civ 314; [2005] QB 207 Dera Commercial Estate v Derya Inc (The Sur) [2019] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 5 Derby Magistrates’ Court, ex parte B [1996] AC 487 Derby & Co Ltd v Weldon The Times 20 October 1988 Distillers Co (Biochemicals) Ltd v Times Newspapers Ltd [1975] QB 613; [1974] 7 WLUK 157 Dolling-Baker v Merrett [1990] 1 WLR 1205 Douglas v Hello! (No 3) [2006] QB 125 Drake Insurance plc v Provident Insurance plc [2004] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 268 Duke of Queensberry v Shebbeare [1758] 2 Eden 329; 28 ER 924 Dunford & Elliot Ltd v Johnson and Firth Brown Ltd [1978] FSR 143 EMI Record Ltd v Spillane [1986] 1 WLR 967 Emmott v Michael Wilson & Partners Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 184; [2008] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 616 Elissar, The [1984] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 207 Esterhuysen v Lonrho plc The Times, 29 May 1989 Eurocom v Siemens [2014] EWHC 3710 (TCC) Exp Young, In Re Kitchin [1881] 17 Ch D 668 Finelvet A.g. v Vinava Shipping Co Ltd (The Chrysalis) [1983] 1 WLR 1469 George Moundreas and Co SA v Navimpex Centrala Navala [1985] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 515 Gerald Metals SA v The Trustees of the Timis Trust and others [2016] EWHC 2327 Gillies v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2006] 1 WLR 781 Glidepath Holding BV v Thompson