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TECHNICAL REPORT Adapting the Army’s Training and Leader Development Programs for Future Challenges James C. Crowley • Michael G. Shanley • Jeff Rothenberg • Jerry M. Sollinger Prepared for the United States Army Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ARROYO CENTER The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States Army under Contract No. W74V8H-06-C-0001. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crowley, James C., 1945- Adapting the Army's training and leader development programs for future challenges / James C. Crowley, Michael G. Shanley, Jeff Rothenberg, Jerry M. Sollinger. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8330-7638-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Command of troops—Study and teaching—United States. 2. Leadership—Study and teaching—United States. 3. United States. Army—Officers—Training of. 4. Military education—United States. I. Rand Corporation. II. Title. III. Title: Adapting the Army's ATLD programs for future challenges. UB413.C76 2013 355.5'50973—dc23 2012050181 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2013 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/ permissions.html). Published 2013 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface The Army’s operational requirements have expanded since the start of the 21st century. Its forces must be prepared to react to a wide range of potential missions, from peacekeeping to high-intensity conflict. At the same time, the Army must keep additional forces prepared while a significant proportion of its structure is deployed and operationally engaged. This new envi- ronment has created a need for major change in the Army’s programs for training units and developing leaders. In 2010 RAND completed research designed to support Army efforts in these areas by identifying directions that the Army can follow to achieve the needed changes, and make those changes at a time when reduced budgets are likely. This report presents results of that research; it should interest those involved in designing Army training and leader devel- opment strategies and those involved in the process of providing resources for these strategies. This research has been conducted in RAND Arroyo Center’s Manpower and Train- ing Program. RAND Arroyo Center, part of the RAND Corporation, is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the United States Army. Questions and com- ments regarding this research are welcome and should be directed to the leaders of the research team, Jim Crowley or Michael Shanley, at [email protected] and [email protected]. The Project Unique Identification Code (PUIC) for the project that produced this docu- ment is ATFCR09994. For more information on RAND Arroyo Center, contact the Director of Operations (telephone 310-393-0411, extension 6419; FAX 310-451-6952; email Marcy_Agmon@rand. org), or visit Arroyo’s Website at http://www.rand.org/ard/. iii Contents Preface ........................................................................................................... iii Figures ........................................................................................................... ix Tables ............................................................................................................ xi Summary .......................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................... xxiii Abbreviations ................................................................................................. xxv CHaptER ONE Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Background ....................................................................................................... 1 The Army’s Training and Leader Development Programs Have a Difficult Task ...................... 3 Institutional Adaptation ...................................................................................... 3 Purpose ............................................................................................................ 5 Assumptions ...................................................................................................... 5 Approach .......................................................................................................... 5 Case Study Selection .......................................................................................... 6 Organization of This Report .................................................................................... 7 CHaptER TWO Advanced Leader Course’s Role and Challenges .......................................................... 9 ALC and Its Customer Benefits ................................................................................ 9 Stresses on ALC .................................................................................................11 Increased Requirements Without Longer Courses ........................................................11 Persistent Operational Deployments .......................................................................11 ALC Transformation ...........................................................................................13 Further Change Is Possible and Could Increase Benefits ................................................14 CHaptER THREE ALC Management Findings and Conclusions ............................................................17 ALC Management Processes ...................................................................................17 Strategic Management ..........................................................................................19 Strategic Management Requires Difficult Decisions .....................................................19 Organizational Architectures for Strategic Management Are Complex ................................21 Management Is Decentralized, Making Strategic Synchronization Difficult .........................25 Information Support of Strategic Management Has a Number of Gaps .............................. 26 v vi Adapting the Army’s Training and Leader Development Programs for Future Challenges Lack of Data Precludes Effective Cost-Benefit Analysis ..................................................29 IT Systems Provide Limited Support to Strategic Management ........................................29 Strategic Management Activity Conclusions ..............................................................31 POI and Courseware Development ........................................................................32 POI and Courseware Development Process ...............................................................32