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This thesis is distributed under a CC ____________ license. ____________________________________________________ Ethical Design A Foundation for Visual Communication Peter Buwert A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Robert Gordon University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2016 Peter Buwert - Doctor of Philosophy Ethical Design A Foundation for Visual Communication Abstract: The central original contribution to knowledge proposed by this thesis is the setting forth of a conceptualisation of ethical theory specifically in relation to design, with a focus on visual communication design. Building on earlier work by design theorist Clive Dilnot in the area of design ethics and on philosopher Giorgio Agamben’s formulation of the philosophical concept of potentiality, a way of thinking about the relationship between design and ethics is proposed which concludes that design is in fact always inherently ethical. However, this conception of ethical design purposefully leaves questions of the qualification of good and bad unresolved, stating only that the ethical is the prerequisite condition in which both good and bad become possibilities. Design’s significantly unethical capability to suppress and anaesthetise individuals’ ethical experience is highlighted through a proposal of a process of an/aesth/ethics. Observation of the relationship between design and ethics in the real world through a series of interviews demonstrates something of the complexity of design’s relationship with ethics and the diverse range of positions, beliefs, attitudes and paradoxes abounding within the design profession when it comes to addressing the question of “good” design practice. Six “sites” of ethics within contemporary design discourse are introduced and discussed. The ethicality of design practices in relation to these sites are then analysed through the lens of the proposed ethical framework: identifying strengths, weaknesses and potentials within these observed strategies. The way of thinking about ethical design proposed here demonstrates potential in contributing to designers’ ability to critically consider the ethicality of their own practices. From this foundation they may be better equipped to begin addressing the question of the qualification of the “goodness” of design. In conclusion, proposals are made for how this framework could be practically developed and used to support and encourage ethical design in the real world. Keywords: Aesthetics, An/Aesth/Ethics, Criticality, Ethics, Graphic Design, Potentiality iii iv Table of Contents v Title Page ...............................................................................................................................................................................i Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents .....................................................................................................................................................................v List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................................................................xii Chapter 1: Good Design? .................................................................... 1 1.1 Typography and Mein Kampf: The Complexity of the Issue ....................................................2 1.2 Research Question/Aims ...............................................................................................................5 1.3 Overview: Motivation, Scope and Methodology of the Research ...........................................7 Good Intentions.....................................................................................................................................................................13 Ethical Design ..........................................................................................................................................................................13 Design through the Ethical Lens ...................................................................................................................................16 1.4 Original Contributions ................................................................................................................ 18 1.5 Limitations ................................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2: Good Intentions .............................................................21 2.1 Ethics and Design Observed ............................................................................................................. 22 2.2 10 Narratives on Ethical Design....................................................................................................... 24 Interviews ...........................................................................................................................................................................25 Ethical Discourses Emerging from Unique Narratives ......................................................................................28 Summary: Plurality / Frustrated Utopianism / Economic Precariousness .............................................32 vi Chapter 3: Ethical Design .................................................................45 Ethical Design? ................................................................................................................................... 46 3.1 The Ethical ................................................................................................................................... 49 3.1.1 Bad Morality .............................................................................................................................. 49 3.1.2 Ethics at the End of Ethics ........................................................................................................ 52 3.1.3 Potentiality: The Ethical as the Experience of Being One’s Potentiality .......................... 57 The Existence of Faculties .................................................................................................................................................58 Potentiality/Impotentiality ..............................................................................................................................................60 Potentiality: The Fundamental Experience of Ethics .........................................................................................62 Freedom for Both Good and Evil..................................................................................................................................63 3.1.4 Singularity: The Ethical Emerges in Relation to Encounter with Singularity .................. 65 Encounter with the Unknown .......................................................................................................................................66 Responsibility ..........................................................................................................................................................................67 Cracks in Reality: Accidentalism ...................................................................................................................................69 3.1.5 Aesthetic Sensitivity: The Ethical Contingent on Aesthetic Sensitivity ........................... 72 Blissful Ignorance ...................................................................................................................................................................72 The Demand of the Other ................................................................................................................................................73 Insensitivity: Intolerant Tolerance ................................................................................................................................75 Aesthetic Imperatives .........................................................................................................................................................76 Aesthetic Plurality and Justice .......................................................................................................................................79 3.1.6 The Ethical as a Mode of Existence ......................................................................................... 82 Pre-ethical Being: ...................................................................................................................................................................83