VOLUME FIFTY THREE ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY Series Editor DAVID W. SIMS Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory Citadel Hill, Plymouth, United Kingdom Editors Emeritus LEE A. FUIMAN University of Texas at Austin ALAN J. SOUTHWARD Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory Citadel Hill, Plymouth, United Kingdom CRAIG M. YOUNG Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Advisory Editorial Board ANDREW J. GOODAY Southampton Oceanography Centre GRAEME C. HAYS University of Wales Swansea SANDRA E. SHUMWAY University of Connecticut ROBERT B. WHITLATCH University of Connecticut VOLUME FIFTY THREE ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY Edited by DAVID W. SIMS Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom The Laboratory, Citadel Hill Plymouth, United Kingdom AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2008 Copyright # 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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ISBN: 978-0-12-374119-6 ISSN: 0065-2881 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in The Netherlands 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 53 Shannon Gowans Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas 77551, USA Eckerd College, Petersburg, Florida 33711, USA Ray Hilborn School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Washington 98195, USA Daniel Huppert School of Marine Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA Leszek Karczmarski Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas 77551, USA University of Pretoria, Mammal Research Institute, South Africa Michael J. Keough Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia Phillip S. Levin Northwest Fisheries Science Centre, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, Washington 98122, USA Dustin J. Marshall School of Integrative Biology/Centre for Marine Studies, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia Kerry A. Naish School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Washington 98195, USA Thomas P. Quinn School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Washington 98195, USA Joseph E. Taylor, III Departments of History and Geography, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada, USA Bernd Wu¨rsig Texas A&M University, Galveston Texas 77551, USA James R. Winton Western Fisheries Research Center, US Geological Survey, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA v This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Contributors to Volume 53 v Series Contents for Last Ten Years ix 1. The Evolutionary Ecology of Offspring Size in Marine Invertebrates 1 Dustin J. Marshall and Michael J. Keough 1. Introduction 3 2. How Variable is Offspring Size Within Species? 6 3. Effects of Offspring Size 10 4. Sources of Variation in Offspring Size 28 5. Offspring-Size Models 32 6. Summary 39 Appendix 46 Acknowledgements 50 References 50 2. An Evaluation of the Effects of Conservation and Fishery Enhancement Hatcheries on Wild Populations of Salmon 61 Kerry A. Naish, Joseph E. Taylor III, Phillip S. Levin, Thomas P. Quinn, James R. Winton, Daniel Huppert, and Ray Hilborn 1. Introduction 63 2. Historical Overview of Hatchery Activities 71 3. Political Dynamics of Hatchery Programmes 78 4. Geographical Extent of Activities 84 5. Potential Consequences of Enhancement Activities 100 6. Economic Perspectives on Hatchery Programmes 150 7. Discussion 160 Acknowledgements 170 References 170 3. The Social Structure and Strategies of Delphinids: Predictions Based on an Ecological Framework 195 Shannon Gowans, Bernd Wu¨rsig, and Leszek Karczmarski 1. Biological Pressures on Social Strategies 197 2. Dolphin Ecology 205 vii viii Contents 3. Resident Communities 223 4. Wide-Ranging Communities 239 5. Intermediate-Ranging Patterns 253 6. Demographic, Social and Cultural Influences 267 7. Comparisons with Other Cetaceans 268 8. Conservation Implications 274 9. Concluding Comments 276 Acknowledgements 278 References 278 Taxonomic Index 295 Subject Index 299 SERIES CONTENTS FOR LAST TEN YEARS* Volume 30, 1994. Vincx, M., Bett, B. J., Dinet, A., Ferrero, T., Gooday, A. J., Lambs- head, P. J. D., Pfannku¨che, O., Soltweddel, T. and Vanreusel, A. Meiobenthos of the deep Northeast Atlantic. pp. 1–88. Brown, A. C. and Odendaal, F. J. The biology of oniscid isopoda of the genus Tylos. pp. 89–153. Ritz, D. A. Social aggregation in pelagic invertebrates. pp. 155–216. Ferron, A. and Legget, W. C. An appraisal of condition measures for marine fish larvae. pp. 217–303. Rogers, A. D. The biology of seamounts. pp. 305–350. Volume 31, 1997. Gardner, J. P. A. Hybridization in the sea. pp. 1–78. Egloff, D. A., Fofonoff, P. W. and Onbe´, T. Reproductive behaviour of marine cladocerans. pp. 79–167. Dower, J. F., Miller, T. J. and Leggett, W. C. The role of microscale turbulence in the feeding ecology of larval fish. pp. 169–220. Brown, B. E. Adaptations of reef corals to physical environmental stress. pp. 221–299. Richardson, K. Harmful or exceptional phytoplankton blooms in the marine ecosystem. pp. 301–385. Volume 32, 1997. Vinogradov, M. E. Some problems of vertical distribution of meso- and macroplankton in the ocean. pp. 1–92. Gebruk, A. K., Galkin, S. V., Vereshchaka, A. J., Moskalev, L. I. and Southward, A. J. Ecology and biogeography of the hydrothermal vent fauna of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. pp. 93–144. Parin, N. V., Mironov, A. N. and Nesis, K. N. Biology of the Nazca and Sala y Gomez submarine ridges, an outpost of the Indo-West Pacific fauna in the eastern Pacific Ocean: composition and distri- bution of the fauna, its communities and history. pp. 145–242. Nesis, K. N. Goniatid squids in the subarctic North Pacific: ecology, biogeography, niche diversity, and role in the ecosystem. pp. 243–324. Vinogradova, N. G. Zoogeography of the abyssal and hadal zones. pp. 325–387. Zezina, O. N. Biogeography of the bathyal zone. pp. 389–426. *The full list of contents for volumes 1–37 can be found in volume 38. ix x Series Contents for Last Ten Years Sokolova, M. N. Trophic structure of abyssal macrobenthos. pp. 427–525. Semina, H. J. An outline of the geographical distribution of oceanic phytoplankton. pp. 527–563. Volume 33, 1998. Mauchline, J. The biology of calanoid copepods. pp. 1–660. Volume 34, 1998. Davies, M. S. and Hawkins, S. J. Mucus from marine molluscs. pp. 1–71. Joyeux, J. C. and Ward, A. B. Constraints on coastal lagoon fisheries. pp. 73–199. Jennings, S. and Kaiser, M. J. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. pp. 201–352. Tunnicliffe, V., McArthur, A. G. and McHugh, D. A biogeographical perspective of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna. pp. 353–442. Volume 35, 1999. Creasey, S. S. and Rogers, A. D. Population genetics of bathyal and abyssal organisms. pp. 1–151. Brey, T. Growth performance and mortality in aquatic macrobenthic invertebrates. pp. 153–223. Volume 36, 1999. Shulman, G. E. and Love, R. M. The biochemical ecology of marine fishes. pp. 1–325. Volume 37, 1999. His, E., Beiras, R. and Seaman, M. N. L. The assessment of marine pollution—bioassays with bivalve embryos and larvae. pp. 1–178. Bailey, K. M., Quinn, T. J., Bentzen, P. and Grant, W. S. Population structure and dynamics of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma. pp. 179–255. Volume 38, 2000. Blaxter, J. H. S. The enhancement of marine fish stocks. pp. 1–54. Bergstro¨m, B. I. The biology of Pandalus. pp. 55–245. Volume 39, 2001. Peterson, C. H. The ‘‘Exxon Valdez’’ oil spill in Alaska: acute indirect and chronic effects on the ecosystem. pp. 1–103. Johnson, W. S., Stevens, M. and Watling, L. Reproduction and development of marine peracaridans. pp. 105–260. Series Contents for Last Ten Years xi Rodhouse, P. G., Elvidge, C. D. and Trathan, P. N. Remote sensing of the global light-fishing fleet: an analysis of interactions with oceanography, other fisheries and predators. pp. 261–303. Volume 40, 2001. Hemmingsen, W. and MacKenzie, K. The parasite fauna of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. pp. 1–80. Kathiresan, K. and Bingham, B. L. Biology of mangroves and man- grove ecosystems. pp. 81–251. Zaccone, G., Kapoor, B. G., Fasulo, S. and Ainis, L. Structural, histochemical and functional aspects of the epidermis of fishes. pp. 253–348. Volume 41, 2001. Whitfield, M. Interactions between phytoplankton and trace metals in the ocean. pp. 1–128. Hamel, J.-F., Conand, C., Pawson, D. L. and Mercier, A. The sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata): its biology and exploitation as beche-de-Mer.