CEN'SUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME I I.NDIA PART XI-A(ii) ASOK MIT-RA· Registrar General, India ex-Officio Census CommiS'sioner. India & BALDEV RAJ KAI,RA Research Officer Office of the Registrar General; India CENSUS OF INDIA 1961-UNION PUBLICATIONS PART I General Report on the Census. sub-divided into three sub-parts viz.­ Part I-A General Report Part I-A(i) (Text) Levels of Regional Development in India Part I-A(ii) (Tables) LevelS of Regional Development in India Part 1-B Vital Statistics of the decade Part I-C(i) Subsidiary Tables (A-I.I to B-IX.3) ._ --__ _ part I-C(ii) Subsidiary Tables (B-X.1 to D-V.1) /~ . .;~'.::if::!.lll~ pART II - Census Tables of Population, SUb-diVidWrJOje-: :z. I 3 9 r ~(~<~~~ part II-A(i) General Population Tables - . " :' .~1 A r-{ .~, 'I ~'\ part II-A(ii) Union Primary Census Abstracts' "".a ) 1:"71 Part II-B(i) General Economic Tables (B-1 to B-IV) \;. - &~ (B-V) - . " _./ .. - Part I1-B(ii) Genera1 Economic Tables Part II-B(iH) General-Economic Tables (B-YI to B-IX)·· " ,_ ,_ -,:" -;:;-- .. , , Part II-C(i) Social and Cultural Tables' ". \, _'"1 I ~ Part J1-C(ii) Language Ta bles .. , -' ~ Part II-C(iii) Migration Tables (D-I to D-V) Part I1-C(iv) Migration Tables (D-YI) PART III Part lII(i) Household EconomIc Tables (14 States) Part III(ii) Household Economic Tables (India, Uttar Pradesh & Union Territories) PARTlY Part IV-A(i) Housing Report , Part IY-A(ii) Report on Industrial Establishments Part IY-A(iii) House Types & Village Layouts Part IY-B Housing & Establishment Tables PARTY Special Tables of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Ethnngraphic Notes, suc­ divided into two sub-parts viz.- Part Y-A(i) Sp~cial Tables for Scheduled Castes Part Y-A(ii) Special Tables for Scheduled Tribes Part Y-B Ethnographic Notes PARTYI Yillage Survey Monograph PARTYII Monographs on Rural Crops Survey aI1'd list of Fairs and Festivals Part YJ1-A Handicraft Survey Monograph. Part yJ[-B Fairs and FestiYals PARTYIII Administration Report Part VIlI-A Administration Report (Enumeration) Part YIII-B Administration Report (Tabulation) Not for sale PART IX Census Atlas Volume PART X Special Report on cities with population of one million and oVer PART XI Special Surveys CONTENTS PAGES A-FOREWORD B-INTRODUCTION i-lxiv C-TABLES 1. Andhra Pradesh 1-76 2. Assam 77-124 3. Bihar 125-197 4. Gujarat .. 199-255. 5. Jammu and Kashmir 251-302 6. Kerala 303-324 7. Madhya Pradesh 325-425 F 0 l{,E·W 0 R.J) Land-Reforms provide the social, economic and institutional framework for.agricu1tural develop­ ment and social justice. A study of the new land tenure pattern that has emerged after immense and urwrece~ented wave of land reforms since 1947 is, therefore, of crucial importance. Information on . land tenures in India was collected for the first time in 1961 through the Household Schedule. The present study gives a complete inventory of various types of tenures and tenancies in terms of their local and legal terminologies, ahd classifies them according to the natures of rights held by them. Though tpe principal aiVl of the tables.is to present a ,qualitative picture of tenures and tenancies of a great variety still prevalent in different parts of the country and their classification, yet some broad statistical picture is discernible.wEich throws some light on the dime,nsions of the problem. Tlie.Tables in9ic.ate t~t in 1961, the tenanted households still constituted about 23% of the total cultivating households. Tqe proportion was still higher'in certain States such as Bihar, Kerala and Puiljab-whtch suggests l,loeven pace of land reforms in different States. The Report focuses .its attention On the problem of 'disguised tenancieS' which do n<i1: enjoy any pr6tection under'the law. It points out th-at the pMnomenon of 'disguised tenancies', as reflected through the ratio of leased·out households to leased-hi households, is fairly widespread -throughout die country and' is a major impediment in e~.lle implel11entation of lal1d reforms and .the avowed objective of the 'land to the .tiller'. Even..4t respect of the tenancies recorded under the Census, 82% of the tenants and share-croppers still do not enjoy permanency of tenure. They are either tenants-at-wjll, are subject to landlords' right of resumption or enjoy temporary protection only. The position in this respect is worse in the States of Andhra Pradesh. Assam, Madras, Bihar, Orissa, Punjab and West Bengal, While before 1947, zam indaries, jagirs and inams covered nearly half the country, such non­ raiyatwari tenures constituted hardly 2.75% of the total households owning or holding from the Government in 1961. It shows the extent to which legislation for the abolition of intermediaries has succeeded, which is by far the most redeeming feature of agrarian reforms in India. The raiyatwari system or plot proprietorship with right of occupancy is the most prevalent form of land ownership in India now and is expected to be the keynote of agricultural development and social justi.ce. This..compilation and analysis has been possible on account of the dedication which Shri B.R. Kalra, Research Officer, brought to the task from the inception of the project until its completion. To him will go much of the credit of the clarity with which the concepts and categories were evolved and the thoroughness with which all entries in this compendium were checked. It is hoped that the attempt made in the Report which has been a pioneering venture will serve a useful purpose in the field of agricultural economics. New Delhi, ASOK MITRA April 15, 1968 Registrar General, India. INTRODUCTION The canvassing-of Household Schedule in 1961 of information about these two occupations' with Census was done for the first time in Indian Census. a household as a tmit would give more meaningful It was considered that cultivation and hOusehold results. The form of the Household Schedule is industry were household enterprises and collection reproduced below : CONFIDENTIAL CENSUS OF I~DIA 1961 [ To be filled up during Enumeration] Is this an institution? PART I-HOUSEHOLD SGHEDULE LOCATIONCODE: ________________________________~------~I-----------I Full Name of Head ~ __________~s.C\ I of Household S.T. I A. Cultivation Local name of righ~ Area-in acr!!s on land 1. Land under cultivation by Household ~ (i) owned or hela from Government , \ I ;If· i " (ii) held from private persons or instifutions for payment in monex_, ,kind or share " I . - '- - ........................ (iii) 'Total of items (i) and (ii) ••••• 0 ........... 0 ••••••••• ,. .' ......................... 0 ...................... 2. Land given' to private persons for cultiva- tion for paymentin money, kind or share . B. Houseliold Industry Nature of Industry Household Industry (not on the scale of a Number of registered factory) conducted by the Head months in of the household himself and/or ma'inly the year members of the household at home or during which within the village in rural areas and only conducted at home in urban areas Ca) (b) C. Workers at Cultivation ,or Household Industry Members offamily working: Members including fIead'of family working Hired and hired workers, if any, kept' wholetime Other Other Workers during current or last working season Head males females Total _O ____ ~OM~ ______.. ___ .. h .. 1. Household Cultivation only 2. Household' Industry only 3. Both in Household Cultivation & . , Household: Industry (ii) Part 'A' of the Household Schedule related to single worker or family worker in (a) cultivation of ,cu1t~vation only. While sub-part A-I covered all land or supervision or direction of cu\tlvation of land cultivating households, the sub-part A·2 related owned or held from Government and (b) cultivation to households who had leased out or sub-leased of land or supervision or direction of cultivation of their lands. All cultivating. households under sub­ land held from private persons or institutions for pay­ part A.1 were classified into two categories: viz.,. ment in money, kind or share. Cultivation involves (i) owned or held from Government and (ii) he!d ploughing, sowing and harvesting and does not include .from private persons or institutions for payment 10 fruit growing or keeping orchards or groves or working money, kind or share. Against each category, local for plantations like tea, coffee, rubber, cinchona and names of rights on land and also area in acres were other medicinal plantation". recorded. The Instructions to the Enumerators iSS\led in. this behalf were as under :- Apart from the nature of work, the 1961 Census laid down a minimum norm of quantum of work for "Sub-part 'A' relatiug to Cultivation will have to be making a person eligible to be recorded as cultivator. filled in only where the household cultivates lflnd A person was a cultivator if he had some regular work (Land includes all land normally used for cultiva~ion of more than one hour a day throughout the greater purposes including temporary fallows). Three ca-te­ ganes of land are given in items I (i). I (ii) ancl 2. part of the working season. Work included not only Items 1 (i) and 1 (ii) relate to land actually culti­ actual work but effective supervision and direction of vated by the household. Item 2 relates to la-nd work. - ~~k~ t'1. t\.Qt.. c~~t..~\(~t..<!.<i ~'3 t.~~ ~~~'1.~~~\.<i ~~t.. ~las. been given by it to private persons for cu1ti~dtion for payment io money. kind or share. In each of It can be seen from above that the terms the lhree cases the total of sep<)rate plots or parcels .