The Original 2/1st Battalion A Quantitative Study of an Australian Fighting Unit Richard Travers A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Research School of Humanities Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences August 2014 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 4 Figures 5 Tables 6 Abbreviations and Symbols 7 Prologue 8 Chapter 1 Introduction 9 What kind of men were the diggers? 9 The 2/1st Battalion 12 This study 14 Chapter 2 Historiography 16 Unit histories, culture and the quest for the stereotypical soldier Chapter 3 The Attestation Forms The attestation forms as evidence 42 Methodology 55 The 1933 Census Municipal Income Index 62 Chapter 4 The Second Australian Imperial Force 70 War of Empire 70 The 2nd AIF 71 Recruiting 75 3 The 2/1st Battalion 83 Summary 86 Chapter 5 The Demographics of the Original 2/1st Battalion 88 British subjects 89 Age 91 Employment status 100 Occupation 103 Religion 107 Previous militia service 111 Thirty-niners, or reinforcements? 111 Place of residence on enlistment 113 City vs country 119 Marital status 121 Younger vs older 123 The officers of the 2/1st Battalion 124 Officers vs the Battalion 128 Anti-Catholic bias? 132 From affluent suburbs? 136 Summary 140 Chapter 6 The Culture of the Original 2/1st Battalion 143 The culture of a military unit 143 Shared qualities of the original 2/1st Battalion 144 Summary 152 Chapter 7 Conclusion 154 4 Broader applications 154 Reporting evidence, or myth-making? 157 Chronology 160 Bibliography 167 5 Acknowledgments Sean Brawley has been outstanding as the principal supervisor of this work. He managed to create an environment that was at once welcoming and challenging, collegial and demanding. He was generous with his advice and his encouragement. He shared freely his deep knowledge of Australian military history, and yet he was careful to give me the latitude to develop my own ideas. He has been the model of a liberal academic, and a fine teacher. Shawn Ross, Genevieve Burnett, George Livanes and Mathew Radcliffe have been equally generous with their comments, advice and suggestions. Heather Flood and my children, Elizabeth, Lucy, Sophie and Henry, have given me their blessing and encouragement to indulge the luxury of studying history. I thank them all. Richard Travers August 2014 6 Figures Figure 1: Private Anderson's attestation form - front page. .................................................................................. 47 Figure 2: Private Anderson's attestation form - back page. .................................................................................. 47 Figure 3: The 1933 Census Municipal Income Index ........................................................................................... 69 Figure 4: City of Sydney boundaries 1932 - 1948 ................................................................................................ 72 Figure 5: My father, in Lieutenant’s uniform ....................................................................................................... 90 Figure 6: 2/1st Battalion, age on enlistment ......................................................................................................... 97 Figure 7: Age Cohorts Ist AIF vs 2/1st Battalion ............................................................................................... 103 Figure 8: Ken Clift's attestation form, front page ............................................................................................... 106 Figure 9: 2nd AIF NSW Enlistments to 26 April 1941, Employment by Industry ............................................. 109 Figure 10: 2/1st Battalion, Employment by Industry .......................................................................................... 110 Figure 11: 2/1st Battalion, religion ..................................................................................................................... 113 Figure 12: 2/1st Battalion, Employment by Industry, Protestants vs Roman Catholics ..................................... 115 Figure 13: 2/1st Battalion, dates of enlistment ................................................................................................... 117 Figure 14: 2/1st Battalion, 1939 enlisters vs 1940 enlisters, Religion ................................................................ 118 Figure 15: All Sydney Resident Members of the 2/1st Battalion, Place of Residence by Municipality .............. 120 Figure 16: Sydney Resident Protestant Members of the 2/1st Battalion, Place of Residence by Municipality ... 122 Figure 17: Sydney Resident Roman Catholics Members of the 2/1st Battalion, Place of Residence by Municipality ....................................................................................................................................................... 123 Figure 18: NSW Country Battalion members, by occupation ............................................................................ 125 Figure 19: Metropolitan Sydney Battalion members, by occupation ................................................................. 125 Figure 20: Marital status by age group ............................................................................................................... 127 Figure 21: Employment by Industry, older vs younger ...................................................................................... 128 Figure 22: 2/1st Battalion, rank, younger vs older............................................................................................... 129 Figure 23: 2/1st Battalion, Officers vs the Entire Battalion ................................................................................ 133 Figure 24: Employment by Industry, officers vs 2/1st Battalion ........................................................................ 134 Figure 25: The Officers of the 2/1st Battalion in Palestine, 1940 ....................................................................... 135 Figure 26: 1st Battalion, Promotion by Religion, from Blair ............................................................................. 138 Figure 27: 2/1st Battalion, Promotion by Religion ............................................................................................. 138 Figure 28: 2/1st Battalion Roman Catholics, employment by industry .............................................................. 139 7 Tables Table 1: Age cohorts of Long's sample of 14,953 men ........................................................................................ 51 Table 2: Income bands, municipality of Alexandria ............................................................................................. 65 Table 3: Sample index calculation for the municipality of Alexandria ................................................................ 67 Table 4: The 1933 Census Municipal Income Index ............................................................................................ 68 Table 5: 1933 Census Municipal Income Index showing unemployment levels .................................................. 71 Table 6: 2nd AIF gross monthly recruitment figures 1939 ................................................................................... 84 Table 7: 6th Division original structure ................................................................................................................ 85 Table 8: 2nd AIF gross monthly recruitment figures 1940 ................................................................................... 86 Table 9: 2/1st Battalion, Place of Birth ................................................................................................................. 94 Table 10: Birthplace of members of the 2/1st Battalion compared to the birthplace of all NSW males .............. 95 Table 11: 2/1st Battalion, average age on enlistment ......................................................................................... 100 Table 12: Comparison of average ages ............................................................................................................... 102 Table 13: Increase in the average age of the Union Army, from Gould ............................................................. 102 Table 14: Summary of the occupation studies .................................................................................................... 111 Table 15: Summary of the data on religion ........................................................................................................ 113 Table 16: 2/1st Battalion, place of residence on enlistment ............................................................................... 118 Table 17: Roman Catholics as a percentage of the male population .................................................................. 124 Table 18: 2/1st Battalion, marital status on enlistment, compared to that of the 1st AIF, from Butler .............. 126 Table 19: Original 2/1st Battalion, officers' brief details .................................................................................... 132 Table 20: Residence in metropolitan Sydney, officers vs other ranks ................................................................ 142 Table 21: Summary of the residence data ........................................................................................................... 143 Table 22: City of Sydney, breakdown of neighbourhoods ................................................................................. 144 Table 23: Adjusted summary of