Does Party Politics matter within the EU? The Anti-Austerity Left Siena, 22-05-2017 Enrico Calossi, PhD Università di Pisa [email protected] To quote these slides, please quote: Calossi, Enrico (2016). “Anti-Austerity Left Parties in the European Union. Competition, Coordination, Integration”. Pisa: Pisa University Press. ISBN 978-886741-6653 EU matters in determing parties’ positioning Anti-Austerity Left Parties in the European Union Competition, Coordination and Integration Introduction: why this book? Research Questions: 1. Is it possible to study the non-social democratic parties (located «to the left of social democracy» - March 2011) from a perspective that will allow us to find an acceptable and non-pejorative definition for this political family? 2. What are the criteria that can be followed in order to identify the different subfamilies of these left-wing parties and, accordingly, how will the geography of this political space result? 3. What are the forms of coordination and, in some cases, even integration, that these various subfamilies of left-wing parties adopt at the European level? Outline of the Book • Introduction • Political Parties in the European Union and beyond • Defining the Left • The Competing Subfamilies of the Left • Transnational Coordination and Integration of the Left • Conclusions Methodology: From the one hand, the images of themselves these parties want to convey to the outside are “reconstructed” through the qualitative analysis of electoral manifestos, congress documents, media statements, secondary literature and interviews to privileged observers. For the organizational aspects that characterize the transnational associations of these parties, I focus on the powers and prerogatives the organization’s statute and regulation assign to the different internal bodies and on the evolution of the organization’s resources. • Particular attention will be given also to the genetic features, which in political organizations can have a strong influence in the subsequent organizational configurations a party assumes (Panebianco 1982). Ch 1: Political Parties in the European Union and beyond 1. Transnational Cooperation of Political Parties 2. Role of Political Parties in the European Union Section I: Parties inside the Institutions 3. Political Groups in the EP 4. Political Parties in other European Institutions Section II: Parties outside the Institutions 5. European Political Parties 6. European Political Foundations 7. Other Transnational Political Organizations in Europe Transnational Cooperation of Political Parties • So called «internationals». Main reason: exhchange of expertise, resources, legitimacy. • Firstly on the left (On a world basis, often in practice based in Europe) 1864: International Workingmen’s Association 1889: Socialist International 1919: Communist International • Then... Many others: 1925: Secrétariat International des Partis Démocratiques d’Inspiration Chrétienne 1934: attempt for a «Fascist International» 1947: Liberal International. Others: World Ecological Parties, Transnational Radical Party, Alliance of Democrats, Humanist International, the International Monarchist League, the Society of the Muslim Brothers, Pirate Parties International. Role of Political Parties in the European Union Three Faces Model (Katz and Mair 1993) about national parties Party in Public Office Party in Central (ex: in parliament, Office (ex: leader, government) national assembly, congress) Party on the Ground (ex: members, basic units) Europarty Scheme (Katz, Mair 1993, Bardi 2006, Calossi 2011) Inside the institutions Outside the institutions Source: Calossi 2011 Section I: Parties inside the Institutions Political Groups in the EP Name of Group Spiritual Before 1979 1984 1989 1994 Family 1979 Christian Christian European People’s Party European People’s Party (EPP) Democrats Democrat and European Democrats Social Socialist European Socialist Party Democrats Liberal Democrat and ELDR/ Radical European Liberals Liberal and Democrat Riformist Alliance (REA) European Conservativ Conservati European Democrats EPP-ED / Forza Europa es ve Gauche Unitaire Gauche Unitaire Left Communists and Allies Européenne / Coalition Européenne - Nordic des Gauches Green Left (GUE/NGL) European Progressive European Democratic Alliance (EDA) / Nationalists EDA Democrats European Right (ER) Greens / / Rainbow Greens Greens Regionalists / / Rainbow Radical European Alliance Euro- / / / / Europe of Nations sceptics Technical Technical / / / / Groups of Indip. Groups 6 7 8 10 9 Name of Group Spiritual Family 1999 2004 2009 2014 Christian European People’s Party and European European People’s Party Democrats Democrats (EPP-ED) Socialist Progressive Alliance of Socialists and European Socialist Party Socialist Democrats Democrats (S&D) European Liberal Liberals Democratic and Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Reformist Party (ELDR) European Conservatives and Conservatives EPP-ED Reformists (ECR) Left Gauche Unitaire Européenne - Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) Union for Europe of Europe of Nations Nationalists UEN / Nations (UEN) and Freedom (ENF) Greens Greens – Free European Alliance Regionalists Greens – Free European Alliance Europe of Europe of Freedom Europe of Democracies Independence Euro-sceptics Freedom and and Direct and Diversities and Democracy Democracy Democracy Technical of Technical Groups / / / Indipendents Groups 8 7 7 8 Political Parties in other European Institutions - Some within the EU institutional framework: • The two Councils (Council of Ministers + European Council), • Commission • Committee of Regions), - Others outside the EU: • OSCE parliamentary assembly • NATO parliamentary assembly • Council of Europe’s Congress • Council of Europe’s Parliamentary assembly Spiritual political families in European-wide institutions Spiritual CoE – Parl. CoE - EP Council CoR OSCE NATO Family Assembly Congress People’s / EPP EPP CD and Christian EPP EPP EPP/CD EPP/CD and Summit associate Democrat others PES Sociali Socialist S&D Leaders’ PES Socialist Socialist Socialist st Conference Independe Liberal Pre- Liberal ALDE ALDE ALDE nt and Liberal - summit Liberal Conservativ AECR-ECR European ECR ECR ECR - Cons. e Pre-summit Conservative Green Green/EFA - - - - - - European Regionalist Green/EFA - - - - - Alliance Anti- Unified Austerity GUE/NGL - - European - - - Left Left European Nationalist ENF - - - - - Alliance Euro- EFD2 - - - - - - sceptic Section II: Parties outside the EU Institutions European Political Parties N. of European Political Acrony Year of 2016 EP Spitzenkandid Ideology member Party m Rec. grant group at parties Christian European People's €8.68 Jean-Claude EPP Democracy, 2004 51 + 24 EPP Party m Juncker Conservatism Party of European Social €7.15 PES 2004 32 + 21 S&D Martin Schulz Socialists democracy m Alliance of European Conservatism, €2.53 Conservatives and AECR Neoliberalism, 2010 19 + 5 ECR none m Reformists Euro-Realism Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for €2.34 Guy ALDE Liberalism 2004 41 + 17 ALDE Europe Party m Verhofstadt (formerly ELDR) European Green €1.80 Green Ska Keller / EGP Green politics 2004 39 + 3 Party m /EFA José Bové Left-wing, Party of the Socialism, €1.59 GUE/N PEL 2004 29 + 7 Alexis Tsipras European Left Communism, m GL EuroLeft Alliance for Direct Euro- €1.40 ADDE 2015 7 EFDD n/a Democracy in Europe Scepticism m Mouvement pour Anti-EU, une Europe des MENL Nationalism 2015 €1.54m 5 ENF n/a Nations et , Right-wing des Libertés Regionalism European Free Greens/E EFA Ind. 2004 €0.78m 41 + 7 none Alliance FA movements European Centrism, Verhofsta EDP 2004 €0.65m 14 ALDE Democratic Party Pro-Europe dt Anti-EU, Ind. ENF, European Alliance EAF Nationalism 2011 €0.59m MEPs non- none for Freedom , Right-wing and MPs inscrits European Christian Christian Political ECPM 2010 €0.54m 18 + 28 ECR none right Movement Europeans United GUE/NG for Democracy EUD Eurorealism 2006 €0.43m 11 none L, ALDE (ex EUDemocrats) Alliance for Peace Far-Right, Non- APF 2016 €0.40m 10 + 2 n/a and Freedom Anti-EU inscrits Alliance Europeénne de Anti-EU, Non- AENM 2012 €0.39m 7 none Mouvements Far-Right inscrits Nationaux European Political Foundations Grant Grant Foundation Affiliated to Party 2016 Foundation Affiliated to Party 2016 (m) (m) Wilfred Martens European People’s Centre for European €5.19 Institute of European European Party €0.48 Studies Democrats Democratic Party Found. for European P. of European Centre Maurits European Free €4.43 €0.32 Progressive Studies Socialists Coppieters Alliance New Direction - All. of European European Foundation European Alliance Foundation for Conservative and €1.51 €0.23 for Freedom for Freedom European Reform Reformists All. of Liberals and Christian Political European Christian European Liberal Democrats in €1.39 Foundation of Political €0.32 Forum Europe Europe Movement Green European European Green Organisation for €1.09 European United Foundation Party European Interstate €0.25 for Democracy Party of the Cooperation Transform Europe €0.95 European Left Alliance Identités et Mouv. pour une Europeénne de Found. pour une Traditions €0.23 Europe des Mouvements Europe des Nations €0.94 Européennes Nations et des Nationaux et des Libertés Libertés Alliance for Peace Europa Terra Nostra €0.20 Initiative for Direct All. for Direct and Freedom Democracy in Democracy in €0.83m Europe Europe Other Transnational Political Organizations in Europe A typology of non-recognized transnational organizations Individual membership Collective