THE EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC LAND USE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF BUTTERFLIES IN NEGROS ORIENTAL, PHILIPPINES By JADE ASTER T. BADON A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Jade Aster T. Badon 2 Dedicated to my late grandmother who encouraged me to seek opportunities during my school years and also to all my friends, family, and significant others who inspired me to pursue my career and also to all the people who participated in the survey. The 13 Heads Studios Bords SU Biology batch 2011 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very thankful to Dr. Thomas C. Emmel, Director of the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, for providing the support for my graduate studies. This thesis was made possible by the funding of the McGuire Center. I would also like to thank my supervisory committee who spent time helping me in my research, Dr. Charles V. Covell, and Dr. Jacqueline Y. Miller. Dr. Mihai Giurcanu of the Statistics Department, University of Florida, assisted in my statistical analysis. Lawrence Reeves provided insight in meeting some of the requirements for obtaining a collecting and export permit for the Philippines. I would like to thank the staff and faculty members of the McGuire Center and the Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida for their general assistance. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Philippines specifically the Community Environmental and Natural Resources Office (CENRO), Provincial Environmental and Natural Resources Office (PENRO) through Mr. Oscar S. Mongcopa, Chief PAWS/CMMS, and the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) through Mr. Kit Yrah and Dr. Isabelo R. Montejo, OIC-Regional Executive Director, DENR Region VII, Banilad, Mandaue City, Cebu, were instrumental in issuing my permits to conduct my research and collect specimens. I am very thankful to my cheerful and impressive field assistants who worked with me during my research: Via Vita S. Pinili, Leandro S. Cabrera, Christian Aryton L Palomar, Jose Irimil Nino L. Palomar, Cesar Ian E. Carampatan, Iricha Ann B. Balaba, Angelico Jose C. Tiongson, Al Vincent Unto, Noel Ebrole, Arthur Benitez, Giovanni C. Co, Andrei Ariel Cadivida, Rosewin Rocero, Peace John Panaguiton, Ella Balancar, Maria Cecilia Lugatiman, Eman Villegas, Jhino Peral, Nonelio Balansag Jr., Rico 4 Mondares, Rafael Tolitol Jr., Brandon Pontinela, Roland Partosa, James Will Vilan, Patrick Dy Teves, Kevin S. Colacion, Patrick David Fortunato, Jason A. Baguia, Jan Michael Oseo, Peter Romanillos, Bonifacio Magnifico Palen, Audrey Criscille, and Ms. Nympha. Field guides were Erickson Brigondot, Randy Pat, Mr. Ite Vendiola, Jonard Vendiola, Mr. Jun Montederamos, and Welfredo Santillan. Edlyn S. Abrio for helping in making the bait traps, and thank you also to Lawrence Reeves and Khorie Cavile for providing the sample bait trap. Stefani M. Harrison for helping in computer programs. Stephen C. Abanto provided some transportation. Ian Canlas, Elvis T. Libradilla, and Melijon T. Buquiran for providing transportation during our field work in Bais City. The publications of Dr. Colin G. Treadaway, which helped a lot in identifying my specimens and their distributional records in the Philippines and Dr. John Tennent who helped me in identifying some of my lycaenid specimens during his visit at the McGuire Center. I would also like to thank the Province of Negros Oriental, 15 Municipalities and Cities, Silliman University, NORSU-Biology Department through Dr. Esther Carumbana and Joel Melendres of NORSU-BAIS, SUAKREM through Dr. Angel C. Alcala, SU-IEMS – Dr. Hilconida Calumpong and Dr. Janet Estacion and all the graduate students and staff of the Marine Lab; SU-Biology Department through the Department Chair, Prof. Roy Olsen de Leon, for lending help during the fieldwork. Dr. Ely Alcala of SU- RBGMNH kindly provided a room for my specimens and equipment during the fieldwork. The SU-CENTROP and the SU-Ipil Cottage provided accommodations during the fieldwork. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 12 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 15 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 19 Hypothesis .............................................................................................................. 19 2 METHODS .............................................................................................................. 22 Study Sites .............................................................................................................. 22 Field Research ........................................................................................................ 22 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................................. 24 Cluster Analysis ................................................................................................ 24 Temperature Analysis ...................................................................................... 25 Ecological Distance .......................................................................................... 25 Measure of Species Diversity ........................................................................... 26 3 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 29 Anthropogenecity, Clustering, and Butterfly Species Composition ......................... 29 Species Cluster Analysis .................................................................................. 29 Mount Talinis .............................................................................................. 30 Valencia area ............................................................................................. 31 Sibulan area ............................................................................................... 33 San Jose area ............................................................................................ 35 Amlan area ................................................................................................. 36 Dumaguete area ........................................................................................ 38 Bacong area ............................................................................................... 39 Dauin area ................................................................................................. 41 Zamboanguita area .................................................................................... 42 Siaton area................................................................................................. 43 Santa Catalina area ................................................................................... 44 Tanjay area ................................................................................................ 46 Bais area .................................................................................................... 47 6 Manjuyod area ........................................................................................... 48 Ayungon area ............................................................................................. 50 Tayasan area ............................................................................................. 51 Temperature Analysis ...................................................................................... 52 Species Dissimilarity ........................................................................................ 53 Species Richness and Evenness ..................................................................... 54 Species Diversity .............................................................................................. 55 Abundance Comparison ................................................................................... 56 4 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 139 5 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 146 Conservation Plans ............................................................................................... 146 The Agro-Ecosystems and Fragmented Habitats Concept for Conservation ........ 147 Recommendations for Future Studies................................................................... 149 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 151 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 157 7 LIST OF TABLES Table page 3-1 Presence-Absence data of butterfly