Study on options for European Commission the security of European high-speed and international rail services Final Report Our ref: 22894101 December 2016 Client ref: MOVE/A4/SER/2015/637 Study on options for the European Commission security of European high-speed and international rail services Final Report Our ref: 22894101 December 2016 Client ref: MOVE/A4/SER/2015/637 Prepared by: Prepared for: Steer Davies Gleave European Commission 28-32 Upper Ground Directorate-General for Mobility and London SE1 9PD Transport, MOVE A4 Rue de Mot 28 B-1040 Brussels Belgium +44 20 7910 5000 www.steerdaviesgleave.com Steer Davies Gleave has prepared this material for European Commission. This material may only be used within the context and scope for which Steer Davies Gleave has prepared it and may not be relied upon in part or whole by any third party or be used for any other purpose. Any person choosing to use any part of this material without the express and written permission of Steer Davies Gleave shall be deemed to confirm their agreement to indemnify Steer Davies Gleave for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. Steer Davies Gleave has prepared this material using professional practices and procedures using information available to it at the time and as such any new information could alter the validity of the results and conclusions made. Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... i Introduction ................................................................................................................................... i High-speed and international rail services .................................................................................... i Stakeholder consultation ...............................................................................................................ii Assessment of the current situation .............................................................................................ii Problem definition .........................................................................................................................ii Definition of objectives ................................................................................................................. iv Policy options ................................................................................................................................ iv Analysis of options ......................................................................................................................... v Comparison of options ................................................................................................................. vi Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ vi 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 8 Purpose and scope of the study ................................................................................................... 8 Overview of methodology ............................................................................................................ 8 Desk research and literature review ............................................................................................ 9 Workshop and stakeholder consultation ................................................................................... 10 Organisation of this report ......................................................................................................... 15 Organisation of the report appendices ...................................................................................... 15 2 Defining high-speed and international rail services ............................................................ 16 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 16 Data availability .......................................................................................................................... 18 International rail services ........................................................................................................... 21 States with high-speed rail services............................................................................................ 28 International high-speed rail services ........................................................................................ 33 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 34 3 Defining security .............................................................................................................. 36 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 36 Crime on the railway ................................................................................................................... 36 Existing security interventions .................................................................................................... 40 Evidence of security failure ........................................................................................................ 41 December 2016 Non-violent crime ....................................................................................................................... 41 Violent crime............................................................................................................................... 43 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 50 4 Defining a problem ........................................................................................................... 52 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 52 The legislative framework .......................................................................................................... 52 The current situation .................................................................................................................. 52 Quantifying the scale of the problem ......................................................................................... 54 Problem tree ............................................................................................................................... 58 The problem drivers ................................................................................................................... 59 The EU dimension ....................................................................................................................... 74 The stakeholders......................................................................................................................... 74 The evolution of the problem ..................................................................................................... 74 5 Defining objectives for intervention .................................................................................. 86 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 86 General objective ........................................................................................................................ 86 Specific objectives....................................................................................................................... 87 6 Potential security interventions ........................................................................................ 89 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 89 Long-list of potential security interventions............................................................................... 89 Sifting of potential security interventions .................................................................................. 90 Security interventions rejected on multiple grounds ................................................................. 95 Security interventions rejected on other grounds ................................................................... 102 Security interventions retained ................................................................................................ 105 Best practice, guidelines and mandatory requirements .......................................................... 106 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 110 7 Potential policy measures ................................................................................................ 113 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 113 Specific objectives..................................................................................................................... 113 Potential policy measures ......................................................................................................... 113 Policy measures to contribute