CONFRONTING THE CRISIS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Report of the Commission on GLOBAL SECURITY, JUSTICE & GOVERNANCE June 2015 The Report of the Commission on Global Security, Justice & Governance is supported by The Hague Institute for Global Justice and the Stimson Center. About The Hague Institute for Global Justice The Hague Institute for Global Justice is an independent, nonpartisan organization established to conduct interdisciplinary policy-relevant research, develop practitioner tools, and convene experts, practitioners, and policymakers to facilitate knowledge sharing. Through this work the Institute aims to contribute to, and further strengthen, the global framework for preventing and resolving conflict and promoting international peace. The Hague Institute for Global Justice, or simply The Hague Institute, was established in 2011 by the city of The Hague, key Hague-based organizations, and with support from the Dutch government. Located in the city that has been a symbol of peace and justice for over a century, The Hague Institute is positioned uniquely to address issues at the intersection of peace, security, and justice. About Stimson The Stimson Center is a nonprofit and nonpartisan think tank that finds pragmatic solutions to global security challenges. In 2014, Stimson celebrated twenty-five years of pragmatic research and policy analysis to reduce nuclear, environmental, and other transnational threats to global, regional, and national security; enhance policymakers’ and public understanding of the changing global security agenda; engage civil society and industry in problem-solving to help fill gaps in existing governance structures; and strengthen institutions and processes for a more peaceful world. The MacArthur Foundation recognized Stimson in 2013 with its Award for Creative and Effective Institutions. Report of the Commission on Global Security, Justice & Governance June 2015 Confronting the Crisis of Global Governance Commission on Global Security, Justice & Governance http://www.globalsecurityjusticegovernance.org https://twitter.com/BetterGlobalGov The Hague Institute for Global Justice Sophialaan 10 2514 JR The Hague The Netherlands Tel: “+31 (0)70 30 28 130 http://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org https://twitter.com/HagueInstitute http://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Hague-Institute-for-Global-Justice/1476385772576442 The Stimson Center 1211 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., 8th Floor Washington, DC 20036 Tel: 1-202-223-5956 http://www.stimson.org http://twitter.com/StimsonCenter http://www.facebook.com/stimsoncenter Copyright© 2015 The Hague Institute for Global Justice and the Stimson Center ii Contents List of Illustrations vi Foreword vii Members of the Commission on Global Security, Justice & Governance viii List of Abbreviations ix Preface xii Executive Summary xiv I. Just Security and the Crisis of Global Governance 1 1. Key Challenges to Global Governance 3 2. The Conceptual Framework 6 2.1 Defining Critical Spaces 6 2.1.1 Political or public space (res publica) 6 2.1.2 Ecological space (planetary systems) 6 2.1.3 Transactional space (networks of exchange and communication) 7 2.2 Defining Global Governance 8 2.2.1 Global public goods: What they are and why they are needed 8 2.2.2 Global governance as network governance 9 2.3 Defining Security 9 2.4 Defining Justice 10 2.5 Toward Just Security 12 3. Security, Justice, and Global Governance: Principal New Actors 15 II. Just Security and Global Governance in Critical Spaces 19 4. Coping with State Fragility and Violent Conflict 21 4.1 Key Challenges and Opportunities 22 4.2 Current Responses 24 4.2.1 Gender and peacebuilding: A seat at the table and a stake in the process 24 4.2.2 Preventing armed conflict 25 4.2.3 Considering a decade of R2P 25 4.2.4 Stabilization and peacekeeping operations 27 4.2.5 Peacebuilding: Rule of law, security sector reform, and state-society resilience 28 4.2.6 Human rights and transitional justice 29 4.2.7 UN Security Council and the Peacebuilding Commission 31 4.2.8 Fragile states and the Post-2015 Development Agenda 31 4.3 Reform Agenda 32 4.3.1 Strengthen the role of women in peace and security 32 4.3.2 Prevent armed conflict 33 4.3.3 Develop greater consensus on R2P operations 33 4.3.4 Strengthen UN military, police, and civilian response capacity for peace operations 34 4.3.5 Improve capacity for restoring rule of law, transitional justice, and host state resilience 36 iii 5. Climate and People: Global Systems, Local Livelihoods 39 5.1 Key Challenges and Opportunities 40 5.2 Current Responses 43 5.2.1 International climate governance: The UNFCCC and other forums 43 5.2.2 Regional organizations and bilateral initiatives 46 5.2.3 Subnational and nongovernmental approaches to mitigation and adaptation 46 5.2.4 Technology development, use, and distribution 48 5.2.5 Geoengineering: Weighing benefits and risks 49 5.3 Reform Agenda 50 5.3.1 Global innovations in climate governance 50 5.3.2 Build climate consciousness into the work of other key global entities 53 5.3.3 Climate adaptation needs better defined objectives and more financial support 53 5.3.4 Engage private enterprise on market-based incentives to reduce carbon emissions 54 6. Governing the Hyperconnected Global Economy 57 6.1 Key Challenges and Opportunities 58 6.2 Current Responses 61 6.2.1 Global economic governance and cross-border economic shocks 61 6.2.2 Defending international labor rights 62 6.2.3 Curbing illicit financial flows and extremist financing 62 6.2.4 Natural resource management in the global marketplace 63 6.2.5 Norms and institutions for secure access to the digital marketplace 64 6.2.6 Expanding secure access to the Internet among least developed countries 65 6.3 Reform Agenda 66 6.3.1 A new framework for global economic cooperation and crisis response 66 6.3.2 New tools to combat illicit financial flows and extremist financing 68 6.3.3 Transform the EITI into EITI+ for effective governance of natural resources 69 6.3.4 Secure the digital economy and promote Internet access in the Global South 70 III. More Effective Global Governance for the New Era 75 7. Reform of Major Global Institutions 77 7.1 Obstacles to Reforming Global Governance Institutions 77 7.1.1 Political will matters 77 7.1.2 The art and science of designing and promoting reform 78 7.1.3 The complexities of sustaining reform 78 7.2 Current Efforts to Reform Major Global Institutions 79 7.2.1 UN General Assembly 79 7.2.2 UN Security Council 80 7.2.3 ECOSOC and global economic institutions 81 7.2.4 International courts and human rights bodies 81 7.2.5 Peacebuilding Commission 82 7.2.6 UN Secretariat 82 7.3 Global Institutions for the Twenty-First Century 83 7.3.1 Revitalization of the UN General Assembly 83 7.3.2 Reform of the UN Security Council 84 7.3.3 G20+ and a new framework for global economic cooperation 87 7.3.4 International courts and human rights bodies: Reform and strengthening 89 7.3.5 From Peacebuilding Commission to Peacebuilding Council 92 7.3.6 Modernization of the UN Secretariat 93 iv 8. Engaging Critical Regional, Local, Civil Society, and Business Actors in Global Governance 95 8.1 Beyond States and Global Intergovernmental Bodies 95 8.2 Current Efforts to Integrate Critical Nonstate, Regional, and Local Actors in Global Governance 96 8.3 New Approaches to Engaging Civil Society, Business, Regional Organizations, and Local Authorities in Promoting Justice and Security Worldwide 99 8.3.1 Introducing new social compacts 99 8.3.2 Inaugurate a UN Global Partnership 99 8.3.3 Bolster regional organizations as promoters of global security and justice 101 8.3.4 Bring global cities and local communities into global governance 101 IV. A Transitional Strategy for Reform: “Getting from Here to There” 103 9. Build Smart Coalitions to Mobilize Support and Sustain Reforms 105 10. Multilateral Negotiations, Sequencing of Reforms, and Resource Mobilization 109 10.1 Reform Through Parallel Tracks (RPT) 109 10.2 Convene a World Conference on Global Institutions (WCGI) 109 10.3 Financial Resources for Reform 110 11. Progress Measurement and Setback Responses 111 11.1 Establish a Mechanism for Monitoring and Coordinating Reform 111 11.2 Getting from Here to There 111 A Call to Action 113 Summary of Recommendations 114 Endnotes 118 Bibliography 122 Annex 1. Acknowledgments and Project Team 131 Annex 2. Commission Meetings, Consultations, and Public Events 133 v List of Illustrations Figure 2.1 Intersecting Critical Spaces and Key Problem Sets 7 Figure 2.2 Intersections Between Security, Justice, and Governance 13 Figure 3.1 Nonstate, Subnational Government, and Intergovernmental Actors Contributing to Justice and Security 16 Figure 4.1 Global Peace Operations 2014–2015 22 Figure 4.2 Least Developed Countries 23 Figure 5.1 Earth Surface Temperature Changes under Different Assumptions about Greenhouse Gas Emissions 40 Figure 6.1 Global Internet Connectivity and Penetration 65 Figure 7.1 An Updated UN Architecture for a New Era 94 Figure 8.1 The Emergence of the Third and Fourth United Nations 97 Figure 11.1 Implementing a Hybrid Approach to Global Governance Reform 112 Table 2.1 Key Forms of Network Governance 9 Box 1.1 Is the UN Still “Fit for Purpose”? 4 Box 2.1 Global Public Discourse on Justice, Security, and Peace 11 Box 4.1 Operationalizing the Responsibility to Protect 26 Box 4.2 Evolving Definitions of Peacebuilding 29 Box 4.3 How Civil Society and the Business Community Help Build Peace 30 Box 4.4 Proposals for Enhancing United Nations Capacity for Police Peacekeeping 35 Box 4.5 A New