Gemini Planet Imager Operational Concept Definition Document V4.1 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory National Research Council, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics National Science Foundation Center for Adaptive Optics University of California, Los Angeles Jet Propulsion Laboratory University of California, Santa Cruz American Museum of Natural History Université de Montréal University of California, Berkeley Gemini GPI Operational Concepts Definition Document Revision History Date Revisio Revised By Description Approval n No. June 30/04 0.0 Tessa Ford Draft template for discussion Oct 15/04 0.1 James Graham Initial Draft Feb 19/05 1.0 Bruce Macintosh Release version for ExAOC CoDR Bruce Macintosh 2007-05-08 2.0 James Graham PDR update. Leslie Saddlemyer Bruce Macintosh Updated observing sequences, added Bruce Macintosh polarimetry, Io monitoring, and minor planet companion survey. Updated FoV requirement. Moved background contamination, operating wavelength, spectral resolution, polarization, and system Mueller matrix to Appendices Updated instrument sections to reflect current design Updated science summary from current PDR Vol. 1, Ch. 1. Reformatting, final requirements update, PDR mask sizes 2008-4-25 2.1 James Graham Reviewed contrast requirements & updated references 2008-05-07 2.2 – 2.6 James Graham, Leslie Saddlemyer Bruce Macintosh, 2008-05-07 3.0 – 3.1 Leslie Saddlemyer Table of COR elements updated to Leslie Saddlemyer latest. 2008-05-08 3.2 Leslie Saddlemyer Fix Lyot table with blank Leslie Saddlemyer 2008-11-26 3.3 Bruce Macintosh Post-CDR updates: coronagraph table; 2008-12-12 4.0 Leslie Saddlemyer CCB approvals all received for V4.0, Leslie Saddlemyer ready for submission to Gemini 2009-04-27 4.1 Leslie Saddlemyer deltaCDR changes, mainly removal Leslie Saddlemyer of unnecessary TBDs Page 2 of 136 Gemini GPI Operational Concepts Definition Document Table of Contents 1 PURPOSE ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 2 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................. 6 3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 11 4 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 4.1. TECHNICAL SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 13 5 SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................... 15 5.2. ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETARY SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................ 15 5.3. PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES ..................................................................................................................................... 18 5.4. PLANETS IN OPEN CLUSTERS AND YOUNG ASSOCIATIONS ........................................................................................ 21 5.5. ADOLESCENT STARS ................................................................................................................................................ 22 5.6. SCATTERED LIGHT IMAGING OF DEBRIS DISKS ......................................................................................................... 23 5.7. ADJUNCT SCIENCE ................................................................................................................................................... 26 5.7.1. Solar System Exploration ................................................................................................................................... 26 5.8. STELLAR ASTROPHYSICS ......................................................................................................................................... 28 5.8.1. Stellar Binaries .................................................................................................................................................. 28 5.8.2. Multiplicity of O stars and high mass star formation ........................................................................................ 29 5.8.3. White dwarfs in binaries .................................................................................................................................... 29 5.8.4. Substellar companions ....................................................................................................................................... 30 5.8.5. Evolved Stars and mass loss .............................................................................................................................. 30 6 SCIENCE DRIVERS & REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................... 32 6.1. SURVEYS FOR DIRECT DETECTION OF PLANETS ........................................................................................................ 32 6.1.1. Field star survey ................................................................................................................................................ 32 6.1.2. Searches for exoplanets in young clusters and associations .............................................................................. 39 6.1.3. Confirmation and characterization of exoplanet candidates ............................................................................. 43 6.2. DEBRIS DISKS .......................................................................................................................................................... 45 6.3. ADJUNCT SCIENCE ................................................................................................................................................... 49 6.3.1. Solar System Exploration ................................................................................................................................... 49 7 SCIENTIFIC REQUIREMENT SUMMARY MATRIX ........................................................................................... 50 8 INSTRUMENT OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................................... 51 8.1. BASIC PARAMETERS ................................................................................................................................................ 52 8.2. SUBSYSTEM OVERVIEW (FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBSYSTEMS) ................................................................... 53 8.2.1. Adaptive Optics system ...................................................................................................................................... 53 8.2.2. Coronagraph ...................................................................................................................................................... 54 8.2.3. Science camera .................................................................................................................................................. 55 2.1.1 Spectrograph Optics .......................................................................................................................................... 58 8.2.4. Dual Channel Polarimeter ................................................................................................................................. 59 8.2.5. Calibration system ............................................................................................................................................. 61 8.2.6. Calibration sources ............................................................................................................................................ 63 8.3. OPERATING MODES ................................................................................................................................................. 63 8.3.1. Instrument configuration ................................................................................................................................... 63 8.3.2. AO configuration ............................................................................................................................................... 64 8.3.3. Coronagraph configuration ............................................................................................................................... 64 8.3.4. Science camera configuration ............................................................................................................................ 66 8.3.5. Data Acquisition System .................................................................................................................................... 67 8.3.6. Science detector configuration ........................................................................................................................... 68 9 SETUP AND CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................................. 68 9.1. DAYTIME CALIBRATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 68 Page