[Tâi-gí/Taiwanese] Pán-koân sī chhut-pán-siā A-se-a Kok-chè Thoân-pò-siā ê. Tī chun-siú ē-bīn ê 3 ê CC tiâu-kiāⁿ chi-hā, lí ē-sái chū-iû thoân-pò͘ chit pún chheh ê tiān-chú-tòng: • Chù-bêng lâi-goân — Lí ài sek-tòng chù-bêng siū-koân ê lâi-goân, chò liân-kiat kap chù- bêng tó-ūi ū siu-kái--kòe. • Bô seng-lí bé-bē — Lí bē-sái kā chit hūn chu-liāu the̍ h-lâi chò seng-lí bé-bē. • Bô seⁿ-thòaⁿ —Lí nā ū iōng chit hūn chu-liāu lâi thàu-lām, choán-ōaⁿ ia̍ h-sī koh chè-chō, lí tō bē-sái koh sì-kè iā. Beh CC ê chu-sìn, chhiáⁿ khòaⁿ: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Nā beh kò͘-bé chóa-pún ê chheh ia̍ h-sī ū jīn-hô siū-koân būn-tê, hoan-gêng hām chhut- pán-siā chih-chiap. [English] Copyright by the publisher Asian A-tsiu International You are free to redistribute this book in electronic format as long as you follow the following CC terms: • Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. • NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. • NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. For more info. on CC terms, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Please contact the publisher in the case if you need to buy a hardcopy or get further authorization of this book. E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.atsiu.com/ !ݡ࿰Җበϫྤफ़ۍछဦ३ᐡ΍઼ ᄬ֏ăᄮТᄃΝതϔ!Ј Language, identity .ۍܐ--- .and docolonization / ቼࠎ͛඾ [έݑξĈј̂, 2005[ϔ 94--- ࢬć ̶̳ ISBN 957-8845-85-5 (π྅) ᄂᄬ 2.෸ݑᄬ֏.1 802.5232 93022461! Gí-giân, Gn-tông kap Khì-s…t-bîn ᄬ֏ăᄮТᄃΝതϔ! Language, Identity and Decolonization պ޻ʧፇࣙЦ јޘʧஇҽԣќύᏺ ࡓيጫᒸʧஇҽԣќύᏺѸᢔЦᏺً!!Ѹᇷऌ Ӿַʧ701 Ѹࠜ҉ύᏺၹ 1 ှ ᆳַʧhttp://www2.twl.ncku.edu.tw/~uibun ࡓيႵၡʧ06-2757575 ext 52627 Ѹᇷऌ ༒ગʧ06-2755190 ڟಛΣޘϾϹ 2005 ԛ 1 Ьߛ Copyright © 2005 by Wi-vun Taiffalo Chiung GPN: 1009400036 ISBN: 957-8845-85-5 Printed in Taiwan NT280ȑUSD10 i !قׇ kám ࢐ᒗమѮᢊҔᇭ ê ӓқȊȉġ فѮᢊМᏰ te چاཷ ê ᖵ׾Δহ Ã-tàng ࿇෼࿪Օຝ։ ê چاૉ chún ៬ၲ٤෺ཷ koh t{g--khì ࠩ in ଺ چاཷנê ؆ࠐਙᦞ lóng ኶ ڶԱΔ଺مਙएᗑګሒ ਙᦞ ùi ။ত኶اԱΔऄഏཷمഏΖቝᝑΔ။তๅᠦऄഏᗑئृاཷڶ ਙᦞاཷءอएԱΔֲاཷءഏΙឌഏๅᠦֲئkoh t{g--khì ࠩऄഏ נ Ζءֲڃm¼ ùi ឌഏ኶ -อएΖChitاཷ ᨜ ùi 17 ׈ધࠩ ta ຬᥛ࠹ tiõh ྤ k¼ng ؆ࠐਙᦞ ê؀ ؀ਙᦞ ê ᆵኟ tôa-á ᠦၲاཷ kóa ؆ࠐਙᦞᅝխΔՕຝ։ lóng tòe tiõh ੡ཷڂ ch…t kóa ڶ ᅮΖ‹-koh ˜a᜔ءֲ ཚ ê ๛ᥞ kap २ཚ êڰ᨜Δቝᝑ ê ࠏΖቝᝑ چاཷ te سഏΕྤऄ৫ t{g--khì soah tÎ ài ബئاཷװ؈ृا ਙᦞΖسഏ tÎ ਢ chit ᣊ ê ബاཚ ê ᔤּ׆ཛ kap २ཚ ê խဎڰ ືڤԱΔឈྥ te ਙएݮمਙᦞᗑاte ๅᠦཷ چاԫ౳൓ࠐᝑΔཷ -Ꮖ഑ᘣቝᆖᛎΕ֮֏Ε֮ᖂ࿛ soah ྤԫࡳ ÃהΔ˜-koh teࠡمᗑګᙰሒ ෼ွΖاਙᦞ ê ອᐙ kap ༳൳Ζຍ༉ਢࢬᘯ ê ৵ཷاཷ៱tàng ឭๅ ê ၸ੄ àΛ اழཚ kiâࠩ৵ཷاཷޔ᨜ kám բᆖ࿨؀ԳᄎംΔڶ Ho¼n-sè Ւਙ᤻ءڣ ݺ઎ࠐΔ2000ڇk¼ng ê ߠᇞΖ ྤڶ k¼ng ê ᖂृ ho¼n-sè ྤ kap اഏཷاխဎזঠൎ Ã-tàng ጩਢ२ڣ ၞ᤻ωᙇᤢ᜔อՕᙇ chitاψ ழཚ ê ։੺រΖا৵ཷ ࠫ Ã-kha t¼u-t¼u-á ᔏ᧯اഏཷا᨜ te խဎ؀Ւ֏ွᐛء ᨜ਙए ê؀ -Ւ፿ߢ֮֏ m¼ t¼uء᨜؀Ւ֏ ê ছၞΔءழཚΖTòe tiõh ਙएاԵ৵ཷ ᨜֮ᖂ؀ bà chió مګՕᖂຬᥛٺ᨜؀ࠐڣ t¼u-á hông ૹီΖቝᝑ chit kúi ǵᇡӕᆶѐ෗҇ȡጯࣁЎقii! Ƞᇟ נՒ፿ߢ֮֏բᆖء᨜፿ߢ ê ઌᣂߓࢬΖChit ཱི᝟Ⴈ ká-ná ।ࣔ؀ kap án-neΛૉ chún إਙᦞ ê ອᐙ àΖ‹-kohΔkám టاཷ៱ᙰ֚Εբᆖឭๅ ᨜֮ᖂߓࢬၲ๻ ê ᓰ࿓Εᜰᙄ ê ઔಘᄎΕkap ࿇। ê ᓵ֮ࠐ؀Օᖂٺ ùi ê ֺࠏ ۾Ւ፿ߢࢬء ઎Δဎ፿ k¼ng-khoán iáu ፂ਍࿪ኙᚌႨ ê ٝၦΔah k¼ng-khoán టೣ܅Ζ ؀ՕᖂٺᔆΔીࠌᅝছء ൽᥨْ؆ࠐอए êړ ਙᦞ khahس੡ബڂ êψ؆ ृا᨜ᇩωΕ˜ ਢཷ؀ψဎ፿ωਢψٵ᨜֮ᖂߓࢬ soah ཏሙᎁ ଺۰ܶץ፿ΰئ᨜؀ழڼΔ෼ق᧩෗෤ω෼ွٵഏᇩωΖChit ཱིψᎁ ᖲ tÎ te lehψဎ፿ωᅝ teh ຘመඒߛ᧯ࠫၞٲ፿αê ՂՕ؀፿Εড়፿Εا ᅝإ ፿ êئ᨜؀זΕ੷۟ਢ࠷ش᨜ࠌ؀෻֏ْ teٽ ψփ֏ωthang۩ ࢤΖՈ༉ਢᝑψဎ፿ωᅝ teh t¼u-t¼u-á hông ࢭᎁ೚ HÎ-lóΕড়୮Ε଺۰ ගᆢ਀༚הԱΔࠡمᅝࢤ hông ᒔإ ဎ፿ êش፿Ζᅝ tong ࠌئග ê ᄅا -Ζহ beh ംΔn¼ chúnψဎ፿ωÃ܅፿ ê რᣋ ún-tàng ઌኙ૾ئගᆢشࠌ ፿ߢ êψֲृاཷ ê מ ᨜ 50؀᨜ᇩωΔ੡৻ᑌ pê-pê อए؀tàng ਢψ ᨜ᇩωΛHit-kóa ࠐ۞ֱ۫ഏ୮ ê ႚඒՓቝᝑ؀፿ωbÃ-tàng chiâ-chòψ ੡ᙤωΰWilliamز៖ωΰThomas Barclay, 1874-1935 αΕψ܌ψ֣ ᨜؀Campbell, 1871-1918αΕψ್೟ωΰGeorge L. Mackay, 1844-1901αΔ੡ ئ ᨜֮᣸Ζਢ án-chóa in ê؀ ૎֮ᐊ--ê êش ࡚᣸ԫ׈Գ koh ఎᆵ bà chió ٨೚؆ഏ፿ΛIáu koh ᨜ᇩωΔsoah tÎ hông؀፿ψ૎፿ωbÃ-tàng ᇆ೚ψ hit-kóa ࠐ۞ࣟতࠅࢬᘯ êψ။তᄅ୞ωΕψkham-p¬-di-a ᄅ୞ωê ᄅ ڶ ᨜؀ᇆ೚ψޏྤ ፿ψ။ত፿ω֗ψkham-b¬-di-a ፿ωtháiئ ᨜Գ ê؀ᄅ ᇩωΛ ê ፿ߢωΰlanguages of ا᨜ഏ êψഏ؀ࠃኔՂΔဎ፿ Ã-sái ਢ iii !قׇ ᨜፿ߢωΰTaiwanese languagesαΖဎ؀citizensαΔ˜-koh ࿪ኙ˜ਢψ ᨜ ê؀ê ፿ߢ k¼ng-khoánΔÃ-sái ਢ اᄅฝה፿Ε૎፿ h¼m ။ত፿ kap ࠡ ।ז᨜ႚอᖵ׾֮֏؀ڶê ፿ߢհԫΔ˜-koh lóng ˜ਢࠠ شteh ࠌ اഏ ᨜፿ߢωΖKá-sú ್૎԰ΕݚᄑᅜΕຑᖏ࿛ chit-kóa խഏԳᣋრ؀ࢤ êψ ψဎ፿ω೚شᙇᖗࠌڶΔin ᅝྥا᨜ഏ ê ᄅ۰؀ ᨜ koh chiâ-chò؀ٵᎁ Δkohܓ᨜፿ߢ ê ᦞ؀ࢴ࿪ᖂڶ । inזΖ‹-koh ຍࠀྤܓ፿ ê ᦞئ in ê ፿ êئψဎ፿ω೚شޏڶග፿Εڶගᆢ lóng ài ࣋ඵ଺ה।ࠡזྤ khah ê ە᨜֮ᖂ ê ઔߒृ soah ະԵ৸؀ bÃ-chió ڶ൦ऱਢΔױᆠ೭Μ‹-koh ట ୲֨ωê ।ץ፿ chiah ਢψئ᨜؀l³-k¬-moâiΔ۞ᎁ੡൷౏ဎ፿Ε࣋ඵ ᇢ kapە᨜֮ᖂߓࢬ ê Եᖂ؀ ୲֨ωê ࠠ᧯।෼༉ te lehץ෼ΖChit ཱིψ ፿ᅝ೚˜-chiâ-m…hΖቝᝑΔటئ ¼ဎ፿೚׌᧯Εkش ᓰ࿓๻ૠᅝխΚlóng ፿ ê ᦞئ᨜؀ەᙇسەဎ፿Εྤ༼ࠎەᇢ kan-taەߓࢬ ê Եᖂ֮؀ chà ፿ΙՂᓰئ᨜؀ଥޣؘଥรԲ؆፿Εsoah ྤ૞ޣΙᓰ࿓ kan-ta૞ܓ ཱི ፿֮ᖂΖChitئ঴Εsoah bÃ-giàn տฯ܂ ê ܂kan-taᝑဎ፿ࢨृֲ፿ᐊ ωchiah tiõhΜHit-kóaิז೚ψխഏ֮ᖂߓ෼ټإ tÎ ài ء᨜֮ᖂߓ௅؀ ê ୲֨ωê ।෼Δץ፿֮ळωΔૉ beh ᝑਢψئkiò-se ka-te ֨౥ᐖՕ êψ 墿ܓê խ֮ਝ൓ ڶthang ፂᥨ in ਝ ح٥ ፿ êئᣋ೚ᘩවزkhah ᙁᝑਢ ni¼-ni¼Ζ ך᨜֮ᖂߓࢬ؀ ê ழཚΔື૿ᝑ--ê ا᨜բᆖ kiâԵ৵ཷ؀ ૉ chún ፿ ê ෼ွ tú-hó ਢ siÎng-hó êئ᨜؀ழཚψഏ፿ਙ࿜ωອᐙΕඈ؞اየཷ ࠏΖ ا᨜Գ te ৵ཷ؀೚׌ᠲΔ༉ਢ beh ൶ಘٵthçh ፿ߢΕᎁ םء Chit ᨜֮֏׌᧯ࢤωê ։ࣴ઎؀፿֮ᖂωkapψئωΕψش፿ࠌئழཚኙψ ǵᇡӕᆶѐ෗҇ȡጯࣁЎقiv! Ƞᇟ ڣ ࠩ kah 2004ۯᦰ፿ߢᖂᖂސഏנڣ ᙕ--ê ਢ࿝ृ te 1996گࢬםءऄΖ ᣂ፿ߢΕڶ ࢬ࿇। êעઔಘᄎࢨृཚٺchit ੄ཚၴ te םߓඒ֮؀Օګ te ੡ڂ ch…t kóa ڶ፿֮ᦰᐊઔߒ ê ᓵ֮ΖChit-kóa ᓵ֮ᅝխΔ؀ Εkapٵᎁ ૹᓤΖ੡᥽ tiõh ᓵ֮ ê ݙᖞ kap ᔹᦰ êڶຝٝփ୲אຑ຃ࢤ ê ᒴਚࢬڶ ê ፿ߢ tÎ ᅃྤ k¼ng ê ܂Ζᓵ֮ᐊנעࢤΔtãk ᒧᓵ֮ iáu ਢᅃ଺ݮঁֱ ፿Εဎ፿Εkap ૎፿Ζ؀شؾऱ։ܑࠌ ڍᙕ ê ᓵ֮گםء ठ ài ტ᝔ట chà ԳΖChitנڤإթᓳڶםء Chit Dallas-Fort ڠê ழࢬᐊ--êΔhit ੄ཚၴૉྤᐚ םՕᖂᦰڠᑇਢ teભഏᐚ ء ፿֮ ê ઔߒΖChit؀ൕࠃܓᗑᜤᅩᅩ֖ ê ᅃ᥽ tÎ టָႉ؀೴چ Worth ໎ृᚨᇠ᥆ψॾٛഒࡳωê ߼რႅΕᑰߐᓊΕפê ᒳᙀ kap ீᒚ ê Օ ם ê םء ෻ᆢ m¼ ኙ chitܗ ፿ઔߒ৛ ê؀Ζ‹-t¼ án-neΔܩს kap ຫᣝܩඩ Εຫগ֮Εܩటऴ൷ࢨृၴ൷ ê ಥ᣸Δin ։ܑਢຫᐠటΕຫࢣڶ׈נ ဉΕkap ᝔ࡵੱΖᅝྥΔૉྤψඒߛد။ႂΕ്ܨᇣᑽΕޕ႓⛨໻Ε ༉టָਊૠ྽םء ΔchitܗՕᖂωê ᇖפګຝഏ፿ං۩ࡡ୉ᄎωkapψ ፿֮ઔߒ m¼ ట؀ Գ êءΔܗ᠔ೃω९ཚ ê ᢥڜठΖૉྤψᑗנڰ liÎng ਍ᥛࠩ taΖָ ጽ࣏Мġ !سѠࠄǸԋεѠЎ v !قׇ ӓқȊȉġޟଏ࢐ᒗమѮᢊҔᇭفѮᢊМᏰ ȐύЎހȑ! ሒڇچا࿇෼࿪Օຝ։ऱཷאױᖵ׾Δݺଚچا࣠៬ၲ٤෺ཷڕ ئृاཷڶࠩࠡ଺ڃࠀچاཷנऱ؆ࠐਙᦞ݁኶ڶ৵Δ଺مਙएᗑګ ࠩऄڃࠀנਙᦞൕ။ত኶ا৵ΔऄഏཷمΔ။তๅᠦऄഏᗑڕഏΖᤝ ֲڃਙᦞՈൕឌഏ኶اཷءอए৵ΔֲاཷءഏΙឌഏๅᠦֲئഏ Ζء อएΖຍࠄ؆ࠐا؆ࠐਙᦞऱཷٵࠐຬᥛ࠹ࠩլא᨜ൕ 17 ׈ધ؀ ཚऱ๛ڰڕ᨜Δᤝ؀ਙᦞऱᆵኟۖᠦၲاਙᦞᅝխΔՕຝ։݁ᙟထཷ ڃഏΕྤऄئاཷװ؈ृاཷڂԫࠄڶᅮΖྥۖՈ᜔ءᥞࡉ२ཚऱֲ ཚऱᔤּ׆ཛ֗२ཚऱխڰڕऱࠏ՗Ζᤝچاཷڇسؘ࣍ႊബ۟אഏ ਙᦞΖسഏ༉ਢຍᣊऱബاဎ ګՂሒڤਙएݮڇ৵Δឈمਙᦞᗑاๅᠦཷڇچاԫ౳ࠐᎅΔཷ ཷ៱ؘ౨ឭๅآᆖᛎΕ֮֏Ε֮ᖂ࿛থڕᏆ഑壆הࠡڇԱΔྥۖمᗑ ؀ԳᄎംΔڶ෼ွΖࢨ๺اਙᦞऱອᐙፖ༳൳Ζຍ༉ਢࢬᘯऱ৵ཷا ٵլڶऱᖂृࢨ๺ٵऱၸ੄ԱႯΛլاழཚߨࠩ৵ཷاཷޔ᨜բᆖ࿨ ၞ᤻ωᛧ໏ΔࢨاՒਙ᤻ψءطอՕᙇ᜔ڣ ݺ઎ࠐΔ2000ڇऱߠᇞΖ ழཚऱ։੺រΖاፖ৵ཷاഏཷاխဎזঠൎီ੡२אױ๺ ࠫՀΔດዬᝬԵ᧯اഏཷاխဎڇ᨜؀Ւ֏ွᐛထء᨜ਙएऱ؀ Ւ፿ߢ֮֏Ոດዬ࠹ૹء᨜؀Ւ֏ऱᝬၞΔءழཚΖᙟထਙएا৵ཷ ᨜፿ߢઌᣂ؀᨜֮ᖂ֗؀լ֟مګՕᖂຬᥛٺ᨜؀ࠐڣΔ२ڕΖᤝီ ǵᇡӕᆶѐ෗҇ȡጯࣁЎقvi! Ƞᇟ ਙᦞاཷ៱ᙰ֚ΕբឭๅנՒ፿ߢ֮֏բء׏।ࣔۿߓࢬΖຍै᝟Ⴈ ᨜֮ᖂߓࢬၲ๻ऱᓰ؀Օᖂٺ࣠ൕڕႯΛڼڕऱອᐙΖྥۖΔ࣠ట ࿓ΕᜰᙄऱઔಘᄎΕ֗࿇।ऱᓵ֮ࠐ઎Δဎ፿սྥፂ਍࿪ኙᚌႨऱٝ Ζ܅ऱֺࠏսྥઌᅝೣ۾Ւ፿ߢࢬءၦΔۖ ؀ՕᖂٺᔆΔᖄીᅝছءਙᦞለ୲࣐ൽᥨࠡ؆ࠐอएऱس࣍ബط ऱψ؆ഏृا᨜ᇩωۖլਢཷ؀ψဎ፿ωਢψٵ᨜֮ᖂߓࢬཏሙᎁ ፿Εড়ا଺۰ܶץ፿ΰئ᨜؀Δق᧩෗෤ω෼ွٵԫψᎁڼᇩωΖ ຘመඒߛ᧯ࠫၞ۩ψփڇإ࣍ψဎ፿ωڇᖲԯٲ፿αᅝছऱ؀፿Ε ᅝࢤΖՈ༉ਢإ፿ऱئ᨜؀זΕ੷۟ਢ࠷ش᨜ࠌ؀ڇ෻֏ࠡٽא֏ω ፿Ζᅝဎ፿ئගऱᄅاດዬ๯ࢭᎁ੡ HoloΕড়୮Ε଺۰إᎅψဎ፿ω ፿ऱრᣋঞႨؘઌئගᆢشගᆢ਀༚ࠌה৵Δࠡمᅝࢤ๯ᒔإऱشࠌ ٵ᨜ᇩωΔ߷੡۶؀ਢψאױ࣠ψဎ፿ωڕΖݺଚլᆃ૞ംΔ܅ኙ૾ ᨜ᇩωΛ߷ࠄࠐ۞ֱ۫ഏ؀੡ψګ፿ߢऱψֲ፿ωլ౨ृاཷזਢ२ ᨜࡚᣸ԫ؀੡ᙤωΕψ್೟ωΔ੡ز៖ωΕψ܌ψ֣ڕ୮ऱႚඒՓ壆 ፿ψ૎፿ωլئଚऱה᨜֮᣸Δ੡۶؀૎֮ထ૪ऱאᔘ՗ࠀఎՀլ֟ ᨜ᇩωΔথ൓๯٨੡؆ഏ፿Λ੷۟ਢ߷ࠄࠐ۞ࣟতࠅࢬᘯ؀౨ጠ੡ψ ፿ψ။ত፿ω֗ئ᨜Գऱ؀ψ။তᄅ୞ωΕψਭ୕ንᄅ୞ωऱᄅᄅ ᨜ᇩωΛ؀ጠ੡ψޏψਭ୕ን፿ω੡۶լ ऱ፿ߢωΰlanguages ofا᨜ऱψഏ؀ਢאױࠃኔՂΔဎ፿ ᨜፿ߢωΰTaiwanese languagesαΖဎ፿Ε૎؀࿪լਢψ܀citizensαΔ ऱ፿شࠌڇا᨜ऱഏ؀ਢאױऱ፿ߢԫᑌΔاᄅฝה፿ࡉ။ত፿֗ࠡ ڕ᨜፿ߢωΖ؀।ࢤऱψז᨜ႚอᖵ׾֮֏؀ڶຟլਢࠠ܀ߢհԫΔ ᨜ഏऱ؀੡ګ᨜ࠀ؀ٵ್࣠૎԰ΕݚᄑᅜΕຑᖏ࿛ຍࠄխഏԳᣋრᎁ vii !قׇ זຍࠀլ܀Ζܓ፿ऱᦞئψဎ፿ω੡ࠡشᙇᖗࠌڶଚᅝྥהΔاᄅ۰ ගڶගᆢຟ૞࣋ඵ଺ה।ࠡזլޓΔܓ᨜፿ߢऱᦞ؀ࢴ࿪ᖂڶଚה। ᨜֮ᖂऱઔߒ؀լ֟ڶ൦ऱਢΔױ፿ऱᆠ೭Μئψဎ፿ω੡شޏ፿Ε ୲ץ፿թਢψئ᨜؀ऱࣽँΔ۞ᎁ੡൷౏ဎ፿Ε࣋ඵەথະԵ৸ृ ᨜֮ᖂߓࢬऱԵᖂ؀࣍ڇ୲֨ωऱࠠ᧯।෼༉ץωऱ।෼Ζຍጟψ֨ Ζڕ፿ֺᠪۛᝫլئီۖ᧯ဎ፿੡׌אۥᇢ֗ᓰ࿓๻ૠᅝխΔ堚ԫە ፿ئ᨜؀ەᙇسەဎ፿ۖլ༼ࠎەᇢ׽ەߓࢬऱԵᖂ֮؀ڍΔ๺ڕᤝ ፿ΙՂᓰ׽ᓫئ᨜؀ଥޣؘଥรԲ؆፿Εথլ૞ޣΙᓰ࿓׽૞ܓऱᦞ ᨜֮ᖂߓࢨ๺؀፿֮ᖂΖຍᑌऱئ঴Εথլ୵ᓫ܂ऱ܂ဎ፿ࢨֲ፿ᐊ ੡֨౥ᐖՕऱאΜۖ߷ࠄ۞ܣωթኙิז੡ψխഏ֮ᖂߓ෼ټإᚨᇠ ڶᎅਢ૞ፂᥨࠡਝڕ୲֨ωऱ।෼Δլץ፿֮ळωΔፖࠡᎅਢψئψ ᒽԱΖح፿ऱ٥ئᣋ೚ᘩවز墿ۖܓհխ֮ਝ൓ ழاየཷך᨜֮ᖂߓࢬ؀ऱழཚΔՂ૪ऱا᨜բᝬԵ৵ཷ؀࣠ڕ ਢ່ࠋऱࠏ՗Ζإ፿ऱ෼ွئ᨜؀ཚψഏ፿ਙ࿜ωອᐙΕඈ؞ ழཚኙا৵ཷڇ᨜Գ؀੡׌ᠲΔ༉ਢ૞൶ಘٵ፿ߢΕᎁא஼ء ء᨜֮֏׌᧯ࢤωऱ։ࣴ઎ऄΖ؀፿֮ᖂω֗ψئωΕψش፿ࠌئψ Օګٚඒ࣍ڣ 2004 ۟ۯᦰ፿ߢᖂᖂސഏנڣ ᙕऱਢ࿝ृ࣍ 1996گ஼ࢬ ፿֮؀Ε֗ٵᣂ፿ߢΕᎁڶࢬ࿇।ऱעઔಘᄎࢨཚٺߓཚၴΔ֮࣍؀ ૹڶຑ຃ࢤਚຝٝփ୲ڶڂࠄڶᒧᓵ֮ᅝխΔٺᦰᐊઔߒհᓵ֮Ζ Ζᐷ૪ᓵ֮ऱנעᒧᓵ֮սࠉ଺ᎎٺݙᖞፖᔹᦰऱֱঁࢤΔޣᓤΖ੡ ፿Εဎ፿Εፖ૎፿Ζ؀شऱؾऱΔ։ܑࠌٵ፿ߢঞࠉլ ڇᑇਢڍᙕऱᓵ֮گ஼ءΖڍठ૞ტ᝔ऱԳॺൄנڤإא஼൓ء ᗑᜤᅩ؀೴چሒ壂ڠ᜽ᐚڍՕᖂ༉ᦰழࢬᐷᐊऱΔ༉ᦰཚၴڠભഏᐚ ǵᇡӕᆶѐ෗҇ȡጯࣁЎقviii! Ƞᇟ ໎פ஼ऱᒳᙀፖீᒚऱՕء፿֮ऱઔߒΖ؀ൕࠃܓᅩ֖ऱᅃ᥽թ౨ႉ ؀؆ΔڼΖܩსፖຫᣝܩᚨ᥆ψॾٛഒࡳωऱ߼რႅΕᑰߐᓊΕඩृ ଚ։הထऴ൷ࢨၴ൷ऱಥ᣸Δڶ׈נ෻ᆢଚՈኙᇠ஼ऱܗ፿ઔߒ৛ऱ ဉΕد။ႂΕ്ܨᇣᑽΕޕΕຫগ֮Ε႓⛨໻ΕܩਢຫᐠటΕຫࢣܑ Օᖂωऱפګψඒߛຝഏ፿ං۩ࡡ୉ᄎω֗ψڶࡉ᝔ࡵੱΖᅝྥΔ޲ Δܗ᠔ೃω९ཚऱᇷڜψᑗڶठΖ޲נڰ஼༉ৰᣄਊૠ྽ᕣءΔܗᇖ ਍ᥛၞ۩ࠩվΖא፿֮ઔߒՈ༉ᣄ؀Գऱء ጽ࣏Мġ !سѠࠄǸԋεѠЎ ! Bõk-liõk ϫᐂ ǬϬ႔ф̼͛઻ ê ௲႔ྻજ ǕǕThçh ෸ݑăᔹ઼ h¼m ͟ώઇּ ࠉِʝ2 .1 2.