Education-andServiceConditions Par ofTeachersinScandinavia TheNetherlandsandFinland 410 a By ALINAM.LINDEREN----- Specialistin WesternEuropeanEducation b **. BULLETIN1940, No.9 -al at, 1/4 AI& 4 FEDERALSECURITYAGENCY - ' - Paul V.Mc Nuu,Administrator U. S. OFFICEOFEDUCATION- JOhnW. Studebaker,Conimissioner UNIT= STILT=GOTIRIIIIIINT PRINTING OFFICI - . WMIRINGTON:1941 "..- Pier We bythe cl Superintendent dDocuments,Waal:install, D.C.-..- ----a-gdos 20coats .r1't...A... ,*; i ti:. al I . s, .+.1 ,. '''''. - - .__ -' = at IL-..---,0111 _i_ Contents q Page FOREWORD _ VII INTRODUCTION_ _ 1 DENMARK_ _ _ _ _ __ __ 5 Education, appointment,andremuneration ofteachers_ _______ Elementary schools.._ _ _ _ _ 7 Elementary andsecondaryeducation priorto April 1,1938_ 7 Organization ofelementaryeducationafter April1, 1938__ _ 7 Eflucation____ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ 9 Seminaries _ __ 9 Examination forteachers 12 State High Schoolfor Teachers 13 Appointment _ 15 Remuneration 16 Secondaryschools 19 Organization ofsecondaryeducation _ __ _ 19 Education . 21 General examinationin philosophy 22 Language-historyprofessional examinationfor teachers_ 22 Professional examinationfor teachers inthe facultybf mathematics-naturalscience _ I. 24 Professional educationof secondaryschoolteachers__ _ _ 27 Appointment _ _ 28 Remuneration 28 Bibliography____ _ _ _ _ _ 29 NORWAY____ _ _ 31 Education, appointment,and remuneratioilof teachers 33 Elementary schools 33 Organization ofthe elementaryschool incities 33 The elementary schoolin thecountry 34 Education _ _ _ . 1 35 Schools for theeducation ofelementary schoolteachers_ 35 Examinations 40 Additional educationfor elementaryschool teachers___ _ 41 Appointment 42 Remuneration 43 _ Secondary schools _ 45 Organization of thesecondary school 45 t, Education 50 Language-historyprofessional examination_ _ _ _______ _ _ 50 Mathematics-naturalscience professionalexamination__ 52 Pedagogical Seminary 53 , Special subjectteachers 55 Appointment 55 Remuneration 56 Bibliography 56 III Iv CONTENTS Page &WEDE 4. 59 Educatiou, appointment, andremunèration ofteachers _ _ . 61 Primáry and elementaryschools 61 Organization of elementary edúcation___ ______ ___ 61 Education, _ _ _ _ _ 62 General data 62 Seminaries for theeducation ofprimary schoolttachers_ 63 Seminariesforthe educationof elementaryschool teachers_ 66 Appointment__ _ 70 Remuneration__ v _ 71 Secondary schools__ _ _ __ _ _ 73 Organization of secondary __ _ _ education_ _ ......... _ _ 73 V Education _ . 4 _ _ _ _ _ ..... _ _ _ _ . 75 Preparation ofsecondary schoolteachers throughuni- versity study____ __ 77 _ _ Examinations_ am ............. M 4. OW Gam 78 Year of practicaleducation so Royal Seminaryfor the Education 'ofSeCondarySchool Teachers__ 81 Appointment______ _ _ _ 83 44 _ _ _ Remuneration_ _ _ 84 Bibliography__ .4' 84 THE NETHERLANDS_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 89 Education, appointment, . and remunerationof teachers_ _____ 44 91 Elementary schools _ _ 91 Organization ofelementaryeducation 91 Education_ 93 Prescribed regulations 93' Present practice., 93 Regulationswiaerconsideration 98 Stateexaminations 98 Teachersof 'pliysiCally *andmentallyhandicapped children 101 Appointment 102 Remuneration 102 Secondary schools 104 Organization of thesecondary school 104 m Education _ _______ 108. Preparation forsecondary schoolteaching throughuni- versity study 109 Preparation forsecondary schoolteaching throughState examinations I 111 .1 Appointipent 114 Remuneration 115 Bibliography 117 V. 4 deb -to CONTENTS V , FINLA ND Page Education,appointment,and 119 remuneratiovofteachers__ _ , . 121 Primaryandelementaryschools , _ _- . _ Otganizationofelementary 121 education_ 121 Education` , .% , Seminariesfor the educatiosk 122 of\primaryschoolteachers_ Seminariesfbrthe 123 education otteachersat higher(lie- mentary _ schools__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ PedagogicalHigh 125 Schoolat .1y%:0;y1ii 1/. 130 Appointment___ Remuneration__ 132 133 Secondaryschools__ _ _ . Organizationof (sit 13.5 secondaryschools__ Education 135 140 Degreeofcandidäteinphilosophy_ Degreeoflicentiate 140 M- inphilosophy__ Degreeofdoctor of 143 philosophy__. _ 143 Candidateexaminationfor teacher___ 143 Examinationinpedagogy_ 144 Practicalexaminationinteaching., %1 144 Appointment___ _ _ _ 144 Remuneration _ _____ _ 146 Bibliography___ ____ 148 4 r i los I 4 1. .1... Foreword This is Tfirst oftwo studiesbasedondatagatheredby author in* the andinavia,theNetherlande,andFinlandin thespring and earlysummer of1938, andcontinuedbeyondthat timethrough documentation. BeforeDr. Lindegrenvisitedthesecountries,meetingsheldunder thedirectionof the U. S.CommissionerofEducationwith-Members of thOU.S. Officeof Educationstaffinterestedin thefield ofteacher education resiiltedinanoutlinemadeupfromsuggestionsfor siderationin her con- studies.At, thesame time abopt200 letterswere sent toCity superintendents,deans ofcollegesofeducation,presidents of teachers colleges, andleaders ofcomparativeeducationaskingthem forsuggestions as to whatproblemsoughtto be studiedandincluded in thereport. Thisbulletin is an account of teachereducationfor eachcountry separately,aboutas itwasin thesummerof1939.Thesecondand smallerstudyon "SomeQuestionsontheEducationandService Conditions'of Teachers .7 inScandinavia,the*Netherlands,andFin-. land" willbe devoted to answeisto specificquestionsonm'ajorissues in teacher 411. educationandto what thefivlecotAntries;do inregardto 'each ofthem. To themany personsandorganizationsin theUnitedStates,Den- mark,Norway, Sweden,theNetherlands,andFinland,whohave aidedin bringing this studyto completion,theU. S.Office ofEduca- tionexpressesits gratitude. BESSGOODYKOONTZ A8sietantU. S.CommissionerofEducation 4 VII dr a Educationand ServiceConditionswofTeachersin Scandinavia,the Netheilands,andFinland r InitToduction -This s-tudydealswithaspecial phaseof theeducationsystem.$ of five smallnationsthathave contributedmuch to.theadvancementand civilization.ofmankind.They are highly literatepeoplesaccustomed toself-government'andcapableof carryingiton eirectively,acapa- bilitythat isduein'great, measure to tireirgoodschools.Asnear neighborstheyhavemany common racial,cultural,andling.uistic inheritancesandhavepa.sed thrQughmuchthe.same politicaland socialdevelopment,facing simila:dangeN,sharingthesame hopes and aspirations,andbasingtheir liveson principlesthattheyandother folk ofculturebelieveto be funitanwntal.Thofteprinciplestheyare handingon to theirchildrenandare educating do it. theirteachersto help Yeteachofthesenationshasitspeculiar kinguage,literature, characteristicsof culture,andform ofgovernment andin the ofeducationhas field setup a distinctivesystem workedout through centuriesanddecadesforitsspecialpurposes. Those - differencesmakeitnecessary topresent foreach separate äccount countrya of theeducationoft44whersandto explain organization theschool and thekinds ofschoolsin whichtheywork. theseseparate Butfrom statementscettaingeneralaspectsmay advance. betakenin National control.Thenationalgovernmentcontrolsand largeshareofthe supplies a. fundsforeducationin all ofthefive countries.. Eachhasanationalministryof education,prasumablyequalinim- portanceto theministries offoreignaffairs,finance,commerce, etc., withaminister'who isamemberofthesabinetasitspresiding Theschoolsystem is officer. national,or as it ismore commonlytenniedin Europe,"State,"andin thèsubsequentparsthe used word"State"is regularlytomean "national."'Moreover, minutely educationin eachis regulatedby'parliamentarystatutes thathave edactedafter generallybeen carefulconsideration.'itfollowsnaturally centralizedState fromthis controlthatteachershave6yd-servicestatus just asothergovernmentemployees. Comptatory edueraion.---Sinceallthepeoplein each'ofthese providethroughtheir nations Stateofficialsandout ofacommon fund forthe do I Throughoutthis bulletinthewards "Ministry"and"Minister,"unlessotherwise Ministryof Educationand Ministerof Education. specified.mean 2 ZDUVATION, APPOINTMENT, AND REMUNERATION OF TZAckR8 education of all the children, _the corollary is that the bpp6rtunity, mustbe uswed andtothat end oompulsory education lawsaregeneral and kre carefully enforcod.In Finland childrenmust attend school from 7to13yearsofage,andon,who hasnotattained the prescribed standard of information andskillmust attendanadditionalyear. 'Moreover,anychild who completes the elementary curriculumand does not continue atBOmeothertypeof schoolmust take continuation coursesfor 2years.The compulsory educationagein Denmark, Norway, Sweden, andthe Nbtherlandsis 7to 34years. Mutating the kachera.Teachers for elementary schoolsaretrained in institutions especially provided for,that,purpose;t.6y haveno ot)aer fufiction.Usually theyarecalled seminaries.In Sweden and Finlandafiefinite line is drawnbetkeenprimary and elementary ed- ucation and different curriculaareoffered for thetwogrades of teachers.No such markeddistiiictionexists in the other countries. Admission to the seminaries isopentoersonsaround 17yearsof age,sound in health, of good moral chracter,and withaneduca- tion somewhat beyond that required for graJuation fromanelemen- taryschool of thecountrybutnotgenerallyup tothe completion of asecondary school curriculum.The regular seminary curriculum is ordinarily 4years;in Finland it is 5, and plansare'underway to extend it to 5 in the Netherlands.Shorter curriculaareoffered for students who enter withmoreadvanced training.Sincenoneof these countries requiresalarge teaching titaff, the number of students admitted eachyearis generally Puked.In Norway, Sweden,