& A REPOSITORY ON INTERNET & SOCIETY Contents Repository on Internet & Society ................................................................................................. 0 Module 1: History of the Internet ................................................................................................. 7 Unit1: History of the Internet: Building Conceptual Frameworks ........................................ 7 Introduction: Understanding the Internet ........................................................................... 7 Pinning Down Cyberspace ................................................................................................. 8 Why Do We Need the History of the Internet? ................................................................ 12 Unit 2: The Body in Cyberspace .......................................................................................... 12 Case Study: A Rape in Cyberspace .................................................................................. 14 Cyberspace and the State .................................................................................................. 16 Cyberspace and Criminality ............................................................................................. 20 DPS MMS: Case Study .................................................................................................... 20 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 22 Module 2: Principles of the Internet .......................................................................................... 24 Unit 3: Accessibility ............................................................................................................ 24 What is Accessibility? ...................................................................................................... 24 Accessibility Policies in India .......................................................................................... 26 E-accessibility ................................................................................................................... 28 E-Governance ................................................................................................................... 32 Websites............................................................................................................................ 34 Mobile Devices ................................................................................................................. 37 Unit 4: Access to Knowledge .............................................................................................. 40 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 40 The Right to Access to Knowledge .................................................................................. 43 Patents ............................................................................................................................... 45 Copyright .......................................................................................................................... 48 Case Study: The Oxbridge Textbooks .............................................................................. 49 Unit 5: Openness .................................................................................................................. 51 Free and Open Software ................................................................................................... 52 Types of Licenses ............................................................................................................. 53 .......................................................................................................................................... 55 Case Study: Curoverse...................................................................................................... 56 Case Study: Open-Sorcerers ............................................................................................. 56 Open Standards ................................................................................................................. 57 Principles .......................................................................................................................... 60 Case Study: Digital Colonialism ...................................................................................... 63 Open Content .................................................................................................................... 65 1 The Creative Commons System ....................................................................................... 69 Wikipedia ............................................................................................................................. 71 Case Study: Wikipedians Speak ....................................................................................... 74 Open Access ..................................................................................................................... 75 Case Study: Aaron Swartz ................................................................................................ 76 Case Study: Rover Research............................................................................................. 77 Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities ....... 78 Open (Government) Data ................................................................................................. 85 Definition .......................................................................................................................... 85 Application Programming Interface (API) vs. Bulk Data ................................................ 87 Case Study: The Department of Agriculture, Maharashtra .............................................. 89 Case Study: Indian Water Portal ...................................................................................... 90 Unit 6: Universal Access and Service .................................................................................. 90 Types of Basic Services and Access in India ................................................................... 93 Universal Access and Service Affordability .................................................................... 95 USO Enabling Market Mechanisms ................................................................................. 96 Universal Service Obligation Fund .................................................................................. 97 Case Study: Sanchar Shakti ............................................................................................ 100 Demographic Groups ...................................................................................................... 101 Case Study: Village Public Telephones .......................................................................... 104 Universal Service ............................................................................................................ 104 Unit 7: Freedom of Expression .......................................................................................... 104 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 104 Security of the State ........................................................................................................ 110 Case Study: Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council ................................................. 111 Relations with Foreign States and Sovereignty and Integrity of India ........................... 112 Case Study: ..................................................................................................................... 113 Breach of Public Order ................................................................................................... 113 Case Study: Viswaroopam.............................................................................................. 115 Decency or Morality ....................................................................................................... 115 Case Study: IT Act Section 66A ..................................................................................... 118 Contempt of Court .......................................................................................................... 118 Case Study: Trial by Media ............................................................................................ 119 Defamation ..................................................................................................................... 120 Case Study: Defamation ................................................................................................. 122 Incitement to an Offence ................................................................................................ 123 Case Study: Radio Ban ................................................................................................... 124 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 125 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 126 Unit 8: Privacy ................................................................................................................... 126