Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10339-9 — The Cambridge Guide to African American History Raymond Gavins Frontmatter More Information The Cambridge Guide to African American History This book emphasizes blacks’ agency and achievements in the nine- teenth and twentieth centuries, notably outcomes of the Civil Rights Movement. To consider the means or strategies that African Americans utilized in pursuing their aspirations and struggles for freedom and equality, readers can consult subjects delineating ideological, institu- tional, and organizational aspects of black priorities, with tactics of resistance or dissent, over time and place. The entries include but are not limited to Afro-American Studies; Anti-Apartheid Movement; Antilynching Campaign; Antislavery Movement; Black Power Movement; Constitution, US (1789); Conventions, National Negro; Desegregation; Durham Manifesto (1942); Feminism; Four Freedoms; Haitian Revolution; Jobs Campaigns; the March on Washington (1963); March on Washington Movement (MOWM); New Negro Movement; Niagara Movement; Pan-African Movement; Religion; Slavery; Violence, Racial; and the Voter Education Project. While pro- viding an important reference and learning tool, this volume offers a critical perspective on the actions and legacies of ordinary and elite blacks and their nonblack allies. Raymond Gavins is professor of history at Duke University. He is the author of The Perils and Prospects of Southern Black Leadership (1993) and dozens of scholarly articles, essays, book chapters, and reviews. He co-edited Remembering Jim Crow (2001). The co-recipient of the Oral History Association Distinguished Project Award (1996) and the Lillian Smith Book Award (2002), he received the John W. Blassingame Award for “distinguished scholarship and mentorship in African American history” (2008). © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10339-9 — The Cambridge Guide to African American History Raymond Gavins Frontmatter More Information The Cambridge Guide to African American History RAYMOND GAVINS Duke University © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10339-9 — The Cambridge Guide to African American History Raymond Gavins Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi - 110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06-04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107103399 © Raymond Gavins 2016 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2016 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Gavins, Raymond, author. The Cambridge guide to African American history / Raymond Gavins, Duke University. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-1-107-10339-9 (hardback) – isbn 978-1-107-50196-6 (pbk.) 1. African Americans–History. I. Title. e185.g33 2015 973´.0496073–dc23 2015029273 isbn 978-1-107-10339-9 Hardback isbn 978-1-107-50196-6 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10339-9 — The Cambridge Guide to African American History Raymond Gavins Frontmatter More Information Contents Preface page xiii Cross References xvii Entries 1 Abbott, Robert S. 1 Abele, Julian F. 2 Afi rmative Action 3 Africa 4 African Blood Brotherhood (ABB) 7 Afro-American Studies 8 Agriculture 9 AIDS 11 Ali, Muhammad 12 Allen, Richard 12 American Revolution 13 Anderson, Marian 14 Angelou, Maya 15 Anticommunism 16 Antilynching Campaign 16 Antislavery Movement 17 Antiterror Wars 18 Apartheid 19 Architecture 20 Art 21 Ashe, Arthur R. 23 Associated Negro Press (ANP) 24 Atlanta Compromise (1895) 24 Back-to-Africa Movement 25 v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10339-9 — The Cambridge Guide to African American History Raymond Gavins Frontmatter More Information vi Contents Baker, Ella J. 25 Baker v. Carr (1962) 26 Bakke v. Board of Regents of California (1978) 27 Baldwin, James 28 Barnett, Claude A. 29 Bates, Daisy L. 29 Bethune, Mary McLeod 30 Birth of a Nation, The (1915) 31 Black Arts Movement 32 Black Belt 32 Black Bourgeoisie (1957) 33 Black Manifesto (1969) 33 Black Nationalism 34 Black Panther Party (BPP) 35 Black Power Movement 36 Black Towns 37 Bloody Sunday 38 Bond, Horace M. 38 Bond, Julian 39 Bouchet, Edward A. 40 Brooke, Edward W. 41 Brooks, Gwendolyn E. 42 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) 43 Brown, Charlotte Hawkins 43 Brown, James N. (Jim) 44 Brown v. Board of Education (1954) 45 Buchanan v. Warley (1917) 46 Buffalo Soldiers 47 Bunche, Ralph J. 47 Business 48 Caesar, Shirley 52 Capitalism 52 Carmichael, Stokely (Kwame Turé) 53 Carver, George Washington 54 Chesnutt, Charles W. 55 Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) 56 Chisholm, Shirley A. 57 Cities 57 Civil Rights Act of 1957 59 Civil Rights Act of 1964 60 Civil Rights Act of 1968 60 Civil Rights Movement (CRM) 61 Civil War 63 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10339-9 — The Cambridge Guide to African American History Raymond Gavins Frontmatter More Information Contents vii Clark, Kenneth B. 64 Clark, Septima P. 65 Clubs 66 Cold War 66 Colonialism 67 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 68 Constitution, US (1789) 68 Conventions, National Negro 70 Convict-Lease System 70 Cooper, Anna Julia 71 Cosby, William H. (Bill) 72 Dance 74 Davis, Angela Y. 76 Davis, W. Allison 77 Death Penalty 78 Delany, Martin R. 78 DePriest, Oscar S. 79 Desegregation 80 Divine, Father (George Baker) 82 Douglass, Frederick 83 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) 83 Drew, Charles R. 84 Du Bois, W. E. B. 85 Durham Manifesto (1942) 86 Education 87 Ellison, Ralph 90 Emancipation 90 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) 91 Evers, Medgar W. 92 Executive Order 9981 (1948) 93 Exodusters 93 Family 95 Farmer, James L. 96 Farrakhan, Louis A. 97 Feminism 98 Film 100 Fisher, Miles Mark 101 Foreign Affairs 102 “Forty Acres and a Mule” 103 Four Freedoms 104 Franklin, Aretha L. 105 Franklin, John Hope 105 Fraternal Orders and Lodges 106 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10339-9 — The Cambridge Guide to African American History Raymond Gavins Frontmatter More Information viii Contents Fraternities 107 Free African Society (FAS) 108 Free Blacks 108 Freedmen’s Bank 109 Freedmen’s Bureau 109 Freedom Rides 110 Freedom Summer 111 Freedom Train 111 Fugitive Slave Act (1850) 112 Garvey, Marcus M. 113 Ghetto 113 G. I. Bill (1944) 114 Gibson, Althea 114 Gospel of Freedom 115 Graves, Earl G. 116 Great Depression 117 Great Migration 118 Haitian Revolution 119 Hall, Prince 119 Hamer, Fannie Lou 120 Hampton–Tuskegee Idea 121 Hancock, Gordon B. 122 Handy, William C. (W. C.) 122 Harlem Renaissance 123 Harris, Abram L. 124 Hastie, William H. 125 Height, Dorothy I. 126 Higginbotham, H. Leon 127 Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) 128 Hope, John 129 Horne, Lena M. 129 Houston, Charles H. 130 Hughes, Langston 131 Humphrey–Hawkins Bill (1976) 132 Immigration 134 Indentured Servitude 134 Indian Wars 135 Institute of the Black World (IBW) 136 Interracial Relations 136 Jackson, Jesse L. 138 Jackson, Luther P. 138 Jackson, Mahalia 139 Jackson, Michael J. 140 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10339-9 — The Cambridge Guide to African American History Raymond Gavins Frontmatter More Information Contents ix Jacobs, Harriet A. 141 Jemison, Mae C. 142 Jobs Campaigns 143 John Brown’s Raid 143 John Henryism 144 Johnson, John A. (Jack) 144 Johnson, John H. 145 Johnson, Sargent C. 146 Jordan, Barbara C. 147 Jordan, Michael J. 148 Journalism 149 Journey of Reconciliation (1947) 150 Just, Ernest E. 151 Justice, US Department of 152 Katzenbach v. McClung (1964) 154 Kerner Report 154 King, Martin Luther, Jr. 155 Korean War 156 Ku Klux Klan (KKK) 157 Kwanzaa 158 Labor 159 Law Enforcement 161 Lawson, James M. 163 Lee, Shelton J. (Spike) 164 Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963) 165 Lewis, Edmonia 166 Lewis, John R. 166 Lewis, Reginald F. 167 “Lift Every Voice and Sing” 168 Literature 169 Little (X), Malcolm 172 Little Rock Crisis 172 Louis, Joe 173 Loving v. Virginia (1967) 174 Mandela, Nelson R. 176 Manumission 176 March on Washington (1963) 177 March on Washington Movement (MOWM) 178 Marshall, Thurgood 178 Massive Resistance 179 Mays, Benjamin E. 180 McCoy, Elijah J. 181 McKissick, Floyd B. 182 © in this web service Cambridge University