Historical Contexts of the National Marine Sanctuaries FATHOMING OUR PAST HISTORICAL CONTEXTS OF T H E NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARIES Edited by Bruce G. Terrell Book Design: Auralea Krieger NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Program 1995, 2007 SSMC IV 1305 East West Highway Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 ISBN 978-1-4243-4417-8 LCCN 2007924975 For additional copies please contact: NOAA/National Marine Sanctuary Program 1305 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 CONTRIBUTORS John Broadwater Kekuena Kikiloi Matthew Lawrence Wayne Lusardi Deborah Marx Joylynn Oliveria Julie Taomia Bruce G. Terrell Hans Van Tilburg AC KNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to extend thanks to all of the folks in the National Marine Sanctuary Program whose contributions and patience made this second edition possible. In particular, I would like to thank Charly Alexander, Daniel J. Basta, Walt Bonora, John Broadwater, Angela Calos, Matthew Dozier, Matthew Lawrence, Wayne Lusardi, Deborah Marx, Robert Schwemmer, Robert Steelquist, Matt Stout, Sharon Sirkis and Hans Van Tilburg. I would also like to thank Sandra Nitchie, Auralea Krieger and Kelly Royall. - Bruce G. Terrell iv CONTENTS vi LIST OF Ill USTRATIONS Southeast Region Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary .....................24 vii FORWARD – Daniel J. Basta Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary ....................27 Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary ......31 viii PREFACE – John Broadwater West Coast Region ix EDITOR ’S PREFACE TO Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary.................32 SECOND EDITION – Bruce Terrell Gulf of the Farallones and Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuaries.................................35 x INTRODUCTION Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary ..................41 Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary ..............47 PART I: HISTORICA L CONTEXTS Native Peoples ............................................................ 2 Pacific Islands Region European Colonial Period ............................................ 3 Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale American Period .......................................................... 4 National Marine Sanctuary ...................................52 Regional Economic Activities ....................................... 5 Papahanaumokuakea American Naval History ................................................ 6 Marine National Monument ..................................56 Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary ...................61 PART II: NATIONA L MARINE SANCTUARIES OSTSCRI P T ...................................................................65 Northeast Region P Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary ....................12 BI bl IOGRA ph Y .............................................................66 Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary ...................................16 Monitor National Marine Sanctuary ...........................22 v LIST O F ILLUSTRATIONS Native Americans in Coastal Carolina ..................................................2 Key West .......................................................................................... 28 Shipwreck ...........................................................................................3 State of Florida Marine Archaeologists .............................................. 30 Sixteenth Century Spanish Ships at St. Helena ....................................3 Makah Fishermen ............................................................................ 32 English Galleon ...................................................................................4 Bark Austria ..................................................................................... 33 Snow ..................................................................................................4 Wreck of the General M.C. Meigs ...................................................... 34 Steam Power .......................................................................................5 Aleut Baidarkas ............................................................................... 35 Coastal Schooner ................................................................................5 USS Dolphin .................................................................................... 37 Whaling Boat ......................................................................................6 Indigenous European Watertcraft ...................................................... 38 Multi-masted Schooner .......................................................................6 Pacific Coast Lumber Chute ............................................................. 39 USCSS Bibb ........................................................................................7 Sampans along the California Coast ................................................ 40 Nineteenth Century Man of War ...........................................................8 Ohlone Tule Raft Canoe .................................................................... 41 Waterman ...........................................................................................9 Monterey Bay ................................................................................... 42 Alpena Harbor .................................................................................. 13 California Shore Whaling Station ...................................................... 43 Archaeologist Documenting Maid of the Mist .................................... 14 Chinese Indigenous Watercraft ......................................................... 44 Boston Harbor Historic View ............................................................. 16 Navy Airship USS Macon .................................................................. 46 Fishing Boats at Boston Harbor ........................................................ 17 Chumash Tomol ............................................................................... 47 Steamer Portland ............................................................................. 18 1840s Santa Barbara ...................................................................... 48 Bark Catalpa of New Bedford ........................................................... 19 Nineteenth Century Santa Barbara Waterfront .................................. 49 Gloucester Fishing Schooner ............................................................ 20 SS Winfield Scott ............................................................................. 50 Sonar image of Frank A. Palmer and Louise B. Crary ......................... 21 Wreck of Schooner Comet ................................................................ 50 Clash Between USS Monitor & CSS Virginia ..................................... 22 Reconstruction of Traditional Hawaiian Fishpond .............................. 52 Recovery of USS Monitor’s Gun Turret ............................................... 23 Whaling in Hawaiian Islands ............................................................. 53 Sixteenth Century Spanish Sailors .................................................... 25 Battle of Midway .............................................................................. 59 Europeans and Native Americans in the New World .......................... 26 Polynesian Watercraft ....................................................................... 60 Europeans in New World .................................................................. 27 vi FOREWARD “Americans today have no past. They live in the moment, think in the moment, and hence have no sense of the future. Without a past there is no future.” ~Studs Terkel (Radio broadcast, National Public Radio, 2006) The volume you hold in your hands provides an instrument for considering the meaning of our nation’s maritime heritage as viewed through the lens of our nation’s national marine sanctuaries. Although only a glimpse, it allows us to consider the past and the future of the mosaic of American culture. “Fathoming Our Past” helps us define why our maritime heritage is important to us as a community and a nation. It also tells us about who we are and why it is worth our efforts to preserve and interpret heritage resources for future generations. At the National Marine Sanctuary Program we use a focus on heritage resources as a tool to encourage a way of thinking. “Fathoming Our Past” presents the compelling role of the ocean in humanity’s journey. We want to engage society’s attention and to excite the mind by telling stories that bring all Americans to look seaward. By refocusing our vision, we see the interconnectedness of the heritage and natural resources of the ocean. In this way NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary Program strives to propel the evolution of the discipline of maritime archaeology as a “means to an end” to help all Americans engage in behaviors that conserve our oceans. Daniel J. Basta Director NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary Program vii PRE F A C E The publication of Fathoming our Past: Historical Contexts of the National Marine The Maritime Heritage Program’s mission is to provide, promote and explore Sanctuaries in 1994 was a significant milestone for NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary our maritime heritage through a national program embracing heritage resources Program in the development of a comprehensive, system-wide maritime heritage in our evolving coastal and marine stewardship. The major goals are to: resource management strategy. This concise, but thorough, historical study also provided sanctuary program