Ferradas, Claudia Mónica (2011) Re-defining Anglo- Argentine literature: from travel writing to travelling identities. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham. Access from the University of Nottingham repository: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13238/1/546493.pdf Copyright and reuse: The Nottingham ePrints service makes this work by researchers of the University of Nottingham available open access under the following conditions. · Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. · To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in Nottingham ePrints has been checked for eligibility before being made available. · Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not- for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. · Quotations or similar reproductions must be sufficiently acknowledged. Please see our full end user licence at: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/end_user_agreement.pdf A note on versions: The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information, please contact [email protected] RE-DEFINING ANGLO-ARGENTINE LITERATURE: FROM TRAVEL WRITING TO TRAVELLING IDENTITIES CLAUDIA MONICA FERRADAS, M. A. Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy SEPTEMBER 2010 In loving memory of my husband, Javier Moi, always the wind beneath my wings. ioo"miSx Acknowledgements A big `thank you' and `gracias' to all those people without whose support and encouragement this research would not have been possible: To Sol, for the patienceand collaboration of a brilliant digital native, and for believing that her mother can make a contribution. To Juan, for his love and encouragement,and for giving me a senseof purpose. To my supervisor,Professor John McRae, for constant supportand loadsof confidenceboosting. Thank you, John, for always being thereand believing in me. To Professor Ron Carter, University of Nottingham, for inspiration and invaluable critical comments. To my support team of colleagues,Dr Emma Dawson, Florencia Perduca and Martha De Cunto, for their friendship, critical editing, support and suggestions. To Dr Hugo Santiago Sanchez, University of Warwick, for his encouragementand help with bibliography. To the librarians who enthusiastically helped me find resources: Silvia Sanfiz at the Asociaciön Argentina de Cultura Inglesa, Silvana Piga at the Special Collections Archive of the Max von Buch Library, University of San Andres and Diana Seferian and Rosana Lombardo at the Library of the Instituto Superior del Profesorado en Lenguas Vivas `Juan Ramon Fernandez'. To Andrew Graham-Yooll, for books, ideas, inspiration, and that enlightening interview in `Spangles'in his patio in Barracas. To SusanWilkinson, for her generoussharing of sourcesand bibliography and for visiting my classwhile were reading her work. To Indiana and Eileen Noble (Jane Robson's great-great-great- granddaughters)and Bertie Noble (great-great-grandson)for the manuscript of Faith Hard Tried and for enlighteningconversations. To Marina Seligmann (William Albert Forwood's great-granddaughter)for the manuscriptof ShoudI (or You)Forget. " To the British Council Argentina, for the three years' grant to cover my fees. " To Mary Godward at the British Council Argentina for the poemsof Johane Flint Taylor and for her support. To Val Durow at the University of Nottingham for helping me though the whole administrative process. To my studentsat the Instituto Superior del Profesoradoen LenguasVivas `JuanRamon Fernandez' in BuenosAires, who inspired my researchare the intendedrecipients of all my work. Abstract This study proposes a definition of Anglo-Argentine literature, a literary corpus that has not been explicitly defined, and provides a reading list of Anglo-Argentine works on the basis of that definition. The research is based on the presupposition that Anglo-Argentine texts can be used to contribute to an intercultural approach to language and literature teaching in the Argentine higher education context. Such texts can encourage reflection on how writing on Argentina in English has contributed to constructing Argentina's multiple identities. Therefore, compiling the titles that make up the corpus of Anglo-Argentine writing, making it available and analysing it critically is the contribution that this thesis aims to make. To make the findings available to the Argentine ELT (English Language Teaching) community, a webpage accompanies the thesis: http: //claudiaferradas. net. The site provides access to the reading list with links to digital publications, intercultural materials on Anglo-Argentine texts and critical articles derived from the thesis. The compilation of texts does not aim to be exhaustive; it is a critical presentation of the titles identified in terms of the intercultural objectives stated above. As a result, not all titles are discussed in the same degree of detail and some are simply mentioned on the reading list. Two works are selected as `focus texts' for in-depth analysis and all the works identified are grouped into `series' with common denominators, which may be thematic or connected to the context of production. As regardsthe analytical focus, the thesis tracesthe construction of the other in early texts and how this representation is reinforced or modified in later ii works. The other is understood both as the unfamiliar landscape and the native inhabitants: both original inhabitants ('Indians' in the literature) and Gauchos. Urban white creoles are also part of the discussion when the narrator's gaze focuses on them. The theoretical framework for this analysis is based upon post-colonial theory and the notion of transculturation. Finally, the thesis extends the concept of Anglo-Argentine literature to works produced in English by Argentine writers whose mother tongue is not English and who do not have English-speaking ancestors. This leads to a reconsideration of the definition initially proposed to approach Anglo- Argentine literature as a fluid third place, a subversion of the binary implied by the adjective `Anglo-Argentine' that embraces travelling identities in constant process of construction in contact with otherness. iii Contents Acknowledgements Abstract Contents 1. Anglo-Argentine Literature Revisited 1.1 In search of an Anglo-Argentine corpus 1.2 The research focus 1.3 Interdisciplinary Crossroads 1.4 Research methodology 2. Literature Review 2.1 Intercultural studies 2. l. i Defining culture 11 2.1. ii Discourse 14 2.1. iii Third cultures 16 2.l iv The backdrop to the from . research:the shift the native speaker model to the intercultural speaker 18 2. l. iv.a Defining the intercultural speaker 19 2. l iv. b Text intercultural 20 . selectionwithin an approach 2.1.iv. c Literature and intercultural awareness 23 2.2 Anglo-Argentine literature 25 2.2. i Travel writing 25 2.2.ii Defining Anglo-Argentine Literature 28 2.2 iii Anglo-Argentine literature and post-colonial theory 37 2.3.iii. a Defining the post-colonial 37 2.3.iii. b Anglo-Argentine literature within the post-colonial framework 40 2.3 Hypertext theory 50 3. The Anglo-Argentine Community and their Writing 53 3.1 The complex cultural identity of Anglo-Argentine Writing 53 3.2 The birth of the Anglo-Argentine community 54 3.2.i First arrivals 54 3.2.ii Early settlers 56 3.2.iii Rosasand the Anglo-Argentine Community 63 3.3 New settlers and the thriving of the community 66 3.4 The decline of the Anglo-Argentine community 75 3.5 Before and after the Malvinas/Falklandswar 78 4. An Overview of Early Anglo-Argentine literature 83 4.1 Travel writing in the colonial period 83 4.1.i A pioneering missionary 83 4.1. ii Another earlier chronicler 88 4.2 Post-colonial visitors, colonial eyes 88 4.2.i Travellers 88 4.2.i. a A Travel Writing Corpus 91 4.2.i. b Common denominators 141 4.2. ii Settlers 144 4.2. iii FOCUS TEXT: Faith Hard Tried: the Memoir of Jane Robson 147 5. The Golden Age of Anglo-Argentine writing 157 5.1 The Anglo-Argentine `canon' 157 5.1.i Robert Bontine CunninghameGraham 158 5.1.ii William Henry Hudson 166 5.2 Other `Gauchos gringos' 181 5.3 A growing network of travel writing 193 5.4 On Patagonia 195 5.5 Anglo-Argentine writing at the turn of the century 208 6. Expanding the Concept of Anglo-Argentine Literature 210 6.1 From the First World War to the Malvinas/FalklandsWar Aftermath 210 6.2 `New' Travel Writing 212 6.2.i On Patagonia 228 6.3 Argentine stories (or set in Argentina) in English 239 6.4 Contributions to the Gauchesca 243 6.4.i Translation 243 6.4. ii Costumbrismo 244 6.4. iii Horses 246 6.5 The Irish Diaspora 247 6.6 The Welsh 249 6.7 The Anglo-Argentines in the SecondWorld War 251 6.8 The 1976-1982Dictatorship 252 6.9 Romance 253 6.10 Argentine Poetry in English, Poetry in English about Argentina 258 6.11 FOCUS TEXT: SeHabla Spangles.Graham-Yooll and the question of Anglo-Argentine identity 264 7. Anglo-Argentine literature: A meeting place for travelling identities 270 7.1 Subverting taxonomies 270 7.2 Spanglish, Spangles, English or Spanish? 272 7.3 Re-defining Anglo-Argentine Literature 275 7.4 Suggestions for further study 276 8. Bibliography 278 8.1 Anglo-Argentine Literature Reading List 279 8.2 References 286 8.3 General bibliography 296 2 1.