65 65 65 Österreichische Forschungsstiftung für Internationale Entwicklung Towards a Climate-Resilient Jakarta: Die 1967 gegründete ÖFSE bietet seit Oktober 2009 ihre Dienstleistungen An Analysis of the Resilience Thinking im C3 – Centrum für Internationale Entwicklung an. Sie steht für: Bibliothek, Information & Dokumentation Behind Jakarta’s Current Public Policy Wissenschaft & Forschung (Politik-)Beratung Wissenschaftliche Publikationen Approach to Climate-Related Hazards Veranstaltungen zu aktuellen Themen Veranstaltungsräume im C3 T +43 1 3174010 F -150 E [email protected] Jakob Haushofer A 1090 Wien, Sensengasse 3 I www.oefse.at, www.centrum3.at Master Thesis 65 Towards a Climate-Resilient Jakarta: An Analysis of the Resilience Thinking Behind Jakarta’s Current Public Policy Approach to Climate-Related Hazards Jakob Haushofer Master Thesis Mai 2018 1. Auflage 2018 © Österreichische Forschungsstiftung für Internationale Entwicklung (ÖFSE) im C3 – Centrum für Internationale Entwicklung A-1090 Wien, Sensengasse 3, Telefon: (+43 1) 317 40 10, Fax: (+43 1) 317 40 10 – 150 e-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.oefse.at, http://www.centrum3.at Für den Inhalt verantwortlich: Jakob Haushofer Druck: druck.at Südwind-Verlag ISBN: 978-3-902906-25-0 Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. Preface Climate change presents undoubtedly one of the greatest contemporary threats both for the planet and for humankind. Climate change adaptation is therefore a challenge that with good reason was included in the Agenda 2030 of the United Nations. SDG 13 stipulates to take urgent action to combat climate change and its im- pacts, in particular by strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries. SDG 11 calls for governments and public authorities to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustain- able, and in particular “by 2030, to significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected […] by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations”. Against this background, research which aims at enhancing our understanding of how to improve the climate resilience of megacities and coastal urban agglomerations is highly topical and of particular relevance to both climate action and development coop- eration. The master thesis by Mr. Jakob Haushofer provides a thorough and empirically grounded analysis of climate resilience policies in Jakarta. As such, it does not only en- hance our understanding of a specific conception of resilience policies in a megacity of South-East Asia, but provides important general lessons on the challenges for climate resilience policies in large urban agglomerations both in the Global South and North. Werner Raza ÖFSE Director Master of Science Thesis Socio-Ecological Economics and Policy Towards a Climate-Resilient Jakarta: An Analysis of the Resilience Thinking Behind Jakarta’s Current Public Policy Approach to Climate-Related Hazards by: Jakob Haushofer Vienna University of Business and Economics (WU), Austria Institute for Ecological Economics Written in course of an exchange semester at Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Supervisor: Reinhard Mechler, WU / IIASA [email protected] September 2015 Content List of tables............................................................................................................................ III List of figures .......................................................................................................................... III List of acronyms ..................................................................................................................... IV Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. V 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 2 Research methodology and design: exploratory case study ......................................... 5 2.1 Policy document analysis ..................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Theme-structured expert interviews and thematic interview data analysis ................... 7 3 Two prominent approaches to urban resilience .......................................................... 11 3.1 Resilience as a flexible metaphor and concept – steady versus complex systems ......... 11 3.2 Distinct approaches to urban resilience by different research traditions ..................... 13 3.3 Urban social-ecological systems approach and complex adaptive systems thinking ... 15 3.3.1 Social-ecological systems ................................................................................................ 15 3.3.2 Complex adaptive systems thinking ................................................................................ 16 3.3.3 Social-ecological resilience .............................................................................................. 18 3.3.4 Urban social-ecological systems resilience ...................................................................... 21 3.3.5 Shortcoming of social-ecological systems theory ............................................................ 29 3.4 Urban disaster resilience approach and disaster risk management .............................. 30 3.4.1 Disaster risk management ................................................................................................ 31 3.4.2 Urban disaster resilience .................................................................................................. 32 3.4.3 Shortcomings of disaster resilience theory ...................................................................... 38 3.5 Going beyond distinct approaches: a great deal of complementary insights ............... 40 4 Urban climate resilience ................................................................................................ 42 4.1 Resilience of urban systems to climate-related hazards in times of climate change .... 42 4.2 Urban disaster risk management as climate change adaptation ................................... 44 4.3 An interdisciplinary complex adaptive systems approach to urban climate resilience 45 5 Policy implications of different understandings of resilience .................................... 47 5.1 What is public policy? ........................................................................................................ 47 5.2 Policy implications of different resilience perspectives and conceptualisations ........... 48 6 The system under concern: Jakarta megacity ............................................................. 52 6.1 Climate related hazards in Jakarta .................................................................................. 53 6.2 Multilevel policy addressing climate-related hazards in Jakarta .................................. 57 7 Resilience thinking behind Jakarta’s current policy approach to climate-related hazards .................................................................................................................................... 63 7.1 The current policy approach to climate-related hazards – an overview ....................... 63 7.1.1 Structural policies ............................................................................................................ 63 7.1.2 Non-structural policies ..................................................................................................... 65 7.2 Resilience thinking in policy documents analysed ........................................................... 67 7.3 Understanding of resilience by public policy actors interviewed ................................... 68 7.3.1 Directorate General for Climate Change (DGCC) of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) ........................................................................................................................... 68 7.3.2 National Agency for Disaster Risk Management (BNPB) .............................................. 70 7.3.3 Provincial Planning and Development Agency (BAPPEDA) ......................................... 71 7.3.4 Commission for Environment and Development (CED) of the Regional Research Council of Jakarta (DRD) ............................................................................................................. 73 7.3.5 Overview of resilience definitions by public actors interviewed ..................................... 75 I 8 Analysis of Jakarta’s resilience thinking from a complex adaptive systems perspective .............................................................................................................................. 77 8.1 Varying resilience perspectives – all leaning towards engineering resilience ............... 77 8.1.1 Case-by-case analysis of the policy actors’ resilience perspectives ................................ 77 8.1.2 Overall analysis of the city’s resilience perspective – engineering resilience ................. 79 8.2 Concern for a wide range of factors for climate resilience with infrastructure in focus ...................................................................................................................................