BIORATIONAL T REE-FRUIT PEST MANAGEMENT This page intentionally left blank BIORATIONAL T REE-FRUIT PEST MANAGEMENT Edited by Martín Aluja Tracy C. Leskey and Charles Vincent CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI North American Offi ce Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biorational tree fruit pest management / edited by Martín Aluja, Tracy C. Leskey, and Charles Vincent. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-484-2 (alk. paper) 1. Pests–Integrated control. 2. Fruit–Diseases and pests. I. Aluja, Martin. II. Leskey, Tracy C. III. Vincent, Charles, 1953- IV. Title. SB951.B48 2009 634′.049–dc22 2008045145 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 484 2 Typeset by AMA Dataset, Preston. Printed and bound in the UK by the MPG Books Group, Bodmin. The paper used for the text pages in this book is FSC certifi ed. The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests. Contents Contributors vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xvi 1. Conceptual Framework for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Tree-Fruit Pests 1 Marcos Kogan and Richard J. Hilton 2. The Evolution of Key Tree-Fruit Pests: Classical Cases 32 Stewart H. Berlocher and Jeffrey L. Feder 3. Functional and Behavioural Ecology of Tree-Fruit Pests: The Four Fs of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) 56 Bernard D. Roitberg, Carol R. Lauzon, Susan B. Opp and Dan R. Papaj 4. How Do Key Tree-Fruit Pests Detect and Colonize Their Hosts: Mechanisms and Applications for IPM 85 Silvia Dorn and Jaime C. Piñero 5. Monitoring and Management of the Apple Maggot Fly and the Plum Curculio: Honouring the Legacy of R.J. Prokopy 110 Tracy C. Leskey, Gérald Chouinard and Charles Vincent 6. Trying to Build an Ecological Orchard: a History of Apple IPM in Massachusetts 145 Daniel R. Cooley and William M. Coli v vi Contents 7. Managing Pestiferous Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) through Environmental Manipulation 171 Martín Aluja and Juan Rull 8. Biorational Approaches to Disease Management in Apples 214 Daniel R. Cooley 9. Speciation, Consumers and the Market: Profi t with a Conscience 253 Thomas A. Green and Starker E. Wright Index 285 Index of Common Names of Organisms 291 Index of Latin Names 293 Contributors Aluja, Martín, Unidad de Entomología Aplicada, Instituto de Ecología, AC, Km 2.5 Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No 351, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Email: [email protected] Berlocher, Stewart H., Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Email: [email protected] Chouinard, Gérald, Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvi- ronnement (IRDA), 3300 Sicotte, CP 480, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7B8, Canada. Email: [email protected] Coli, William M., Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. Email: wcoli@umext. umass.edu Cooley, Daniel R., Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. Email: [email protected] Dorn, Silvia, ETH Zurich, Institute of Plant Sciences/Applied Entomology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Email: silvia.dorn@ ipw.agrl.ethz.ch Feder, Jeffrey L., Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 369, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA. Email: [email protected] Green, Thomas A., IPM Institute of North America, Inc., 4510 Regent St., Madison, WI 53705, USA. Email: [email protected] Hilton, Richard J., Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, 569 Hanley Road, Central Point, OR 97502, USA. Email: [email protected] Kogan, Marcos, Integrated Plant Protection Center and Department of Horti- culture, 2040 Cordley Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. Email: [email protected] vii viii Contributors Lauzon, Carol R., Department of Biological Sciences, California State Univer- sity, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA. Email: carol.lauzon@csueastbay. edu Leskey, Tracy C., USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wilt- shire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430-2771, USA. Email: Tracy.Leskey@ ars.usda.gov Opp, Susan B., Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA. Email: [email protected] Papaj, Dan R., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. Email: [email protected] Piñero, Jaime C., College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Uni- versity of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. Email: jpinero@ ctahr.hawaii.edu Roitberg, Bernard D., Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser Uni- versity, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada. Email: [email protected] Rull, Juan, Unidad de Entomología Aplicada, Instituto de Ecología, AC, Km 2.5 Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No 351, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Email: [email protected] Vincent, Charles, Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agricul- ture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Blvd., Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. Email: [email protected] Wright, Starker E., USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430-2771, USA. Email: starker.wright@ ars.usda.gov Preface The inception of this book is tied closely to the legacy of Ronald J. Prokopy (1935– 2004). Ron was not only one of the most highly regarded applied behavioural ecologists worldwide, but also a pioneer in the development of one of the fi rst suc- cessful integrated pest and disease management (IPM) programmes for apple orchards. His research programme was aimed at studying the behavioural ecology and management of tree-fruit pests, particularly fruit-fl y species. His work on the behaviour of the apple maggot fl y, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), and many other tephritid species, has led not only to an archetypal behavioural model for those interested in studying host fi nding and selection, but also to practical behaviourally based management strategies that fi t into IPM, integrated fruit production and organic production systems. His keen interest in basic behaviour also led to novel research in areas such as learning and social facilitation. Ron was also a strong and tireless proponent of IPM strategies, developing theoretical approaches, working extensively with growers and conducting numerous large-scale experi- ments throughout the important apple-growing region of New England, USA. Our goal as editors is to produce a book that will represent a compendium of current theory, philosophy and innovative research in the area of biorational tree-fruit pest management, an area that Ron was so instrumental in nurturing. The inception of this book began at the 2005 Entomological Society of America National Meeting held in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. There, a special Programme Symposium was held to honour Ron, who unfortunately passed away before the symposium took place. It was entitled ‘Bridging the Gap between Basic Behav- ioral Research and Crop Protection Applications for Tree-Fruit Agroecosystems: Honoring the Life and Work of Ronald J. Prokopy’. Presentations were made by former graduate students, postdoctoral students and close colleagues. The over- all themes presented during that symposium were the trigger for creating this volume. After the symposium was held, it was decided that a long-lasting tribute to Ron would be to produce a book in his honour. Our role as editors has been to envision the theme of this book and to unify, as much as possible, the written ix x Preface material produced by a collection of invited authors, so that the fi nal product would serve as a lasting tribute to the late Ron Prokopy and foster environmen- tally friendly tree pest management schemes. So, three of us took on the task of preparing a book proposal that incorporated some of the themes presented dur- ing the symposium, but decided to expand the scope of the book by inviting other former colleagues of Ron to share their vast experience in the area of tree- fruit pest management (for example, Marcos Kogan). We, together with the authors, wanted to demonstrate how one could utilize and apply biological infor- mation gathered from basic research concerning pest species to develop mean- ingful crop protection strategies. Importantly, we wanted to carry this theme not just to an experimental level but also to an applied one that highlighted grower involvement and successful business owners supplying pest management infor- mation and tools. In other words, we wanted to convey a complete story of biorational pest management from how pests evolved in nature, to selling envi- ronmentally friendly products for their control. The topics that are addressed in the book begin with the most fundamental ecological, evolutionary and behav- ioural questions related to insect pests and subsequently build from there, until reaching the market phase. With this goal in mind, we invited one of the most infl uential thinkers in the fi eld of IPM, Marcos Kogan, to write an introductory chapter and provide a fun- damental framework for the rest of the volume. We also invited Stewart Ber- locher and Jeffrey Feder, two of the most successful students of Guy Bush, one of the leading insect evolutionary biologists of our times, to answer the question of how pest species evolve.