HiOA report 2014 no. 14 ȱ ȱ INTEGRATION AND DIVERSITY IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION Edited by Harald Koht and Pål Veiden ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences CCȬBYȬSAȱHøgskolen i Oslo og Akershus HiOAȱreportȱ2014ȱno.ȱ14ȱ ISSN 1892-9648 ISBN 978-82-93208-79-2 Opplag trykkes etter behov, aldri utsolgt HiOA, Læringssenter og bibliotek, Skriftserien St. Olavs plass 4, 0130 Oslo, Telefon (47) 64 84 90 00 Postadresse: Postboks 4, St. Olavs plass 0130 Oslo Adresse hjemmeside: http://www.hioa.no/Om-HiOA/Nettbokhandel For elektronisk bestilling klikk Bestille bøker Trykket hos Allkopi Trykket på Multilaser 80 g hvit ȱ Nordic Baltic Studies PublishedȱbyȱOsloȱandȱAkershusȱUniversityȱCollegeȱofȱAppliedȱSciences:ȱ PerspectivesȱonȱtheȱPublicȱSectorȱandȱSocialȱPolicyȱforȱtheȱ21stȱCentury.ȱ ȱ HaraldȱKohtȱandȱLawrenceȱYoung,ȱeditorsȱ ȱ FromȱCivicȱCultureȱtoȱGovernance:ȱChangingȱPatternsȱofȱLocalȱAdministrationȱandȱWelfare.ȱ HaraldȱKoht,ȱeditorȱ ȱ PolicyȱofȱEnergyȱandȱSocialȱWelfareȱinȱtheȱBalticȱSeaȱRegion:ȱWhatȱareȱtheȱOptions?ȱȱ ȱȱ HaraldȱKohtȱandȱKnutȱLehreȱSeip,ȱeditorsȱ ȱ CivilȱSociety,ȱLocalȱGovernmentȱandȱHumanȱServicesȱinȱtheȱBalticȱSeaȱRegion:ȱPapersȱfromȱ theȱNOBAȱresearchȱproject.ȱȱ ȱȱ HaraldȱKohtȱandȱGeirȱC.ȱTufte,ȱeditorsȱ ȱ PublishedȱbyȱZin¬tnesȱgr¬mata,ȱRiga:ȱ ȱ Challengesȱ fromȱ anȱ Ageingȱ Population:ȱ Legality,ȱ Professionalism,ȱ andȱ Practicalȱ Ethicsȱ inȱ CareȱforȱOlderȱPeopleȱinȱLatvia,ȱLithuania,ȱandȱNorway.ȱȱ ȱȱ MonicaȱKjørstadȱandȱGeirȱC.ȱTufte,ȱeditorsȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Inȱmemoryȱofȱ INTAȱBRIKSEȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Etȱneȱfutȱjamaisȱauȱmondeȱdeuxȱopinionsȱpareilles,ȱnonȱplusȱqueȱdeuxȱpoilsȱouȱ deuxȱgrains.ȱLeurȱplusȱuniverselleȱqualité,ȱc’estȱlaȱdiversité.ȱ —ȱMontaigne,ȱEssais,ȱ1580ȱ ȱ Ifȱweȱcannotȱendȱnowȱourȱdifferences,ȱatȱleastȱweȱcanȱhelpȱtheȱworldȱsafeȱforȱ diversity.ȱ —ȱJohnȱF.ȱKennedy,ȱAddress,ȱAmericanȱUniversity,ȱ1963ȱ Contents ȱ Foreword……………………...………………………………………………………………5ȱ KristelȱMariȱSkorgeȱȱ Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………7ȱ HaraldȱKohtȱandȱPålȱVeidenȱ 1.ȱ IbnȱKhaldĀn’sȱthoughtsȱandȱtoday’sȱsocietalȱconditions…………………….…13ȱ MagidȱAlȬArakiȱ 2.ȱ Impactȱofȱchangesȱinȱelectoralȱsystemȱonȱwomen’sȱparliamentaryȱȱ representationȱinȱLatvia……………………………………………………….……33ȱ J¬nisȱIkstensȱ 3.ȱ HumanȱrightsȬbasedȱapproachȱonȱintegrationȱandȱdiversity…………….…….57ȱ JuliaȱKöhlerȬOlsenȱ 4.ȱ Challengesȱtoȱtheȱstudyȱofȱmodernizationȱofȱpublicȱadministrationȱinȱȱ LatviaȱandȱNorway:ȱFromȱpreȬWeberȱtoȱGoodȱGovernance…………………...73ȱ HaraldȱKohtȱandȱIvetaȱReinholdeȱ 5.ȱ Freedomȱofȱexpressionȱandȱtheȱroleȱofȱtheȱmediaȱ–ȱaȱEuropeanȱȱ perspectiveȱ…………………………………………………………………………81ȱ KristinȱSkareȱOrgeretȱ 6.ȱ EthnoȬpoliticalȱconflictsȱandȱdiversitiesȱinȱnationalȱidentitiesȱinȱLatvia…….101ȱȱ MihailsȱRodinsȱandȱAlexȱGaponenkoȱ 7.ȱ DiversityȱManagementȱandȱSustainability:ȱTheȱLatvianȱCaseȱinȱBalticȱȱ Context……………………………………………………………………………125ȱ JurisȱRozenvaldsȱ 8.ȱ Addressingȱ“healthȱinȱallȱpolicies”ȱthroughȱregionalȱandȱlocalȱauthorities:ȱ ResultsȱfromȱLatviaȱandȱNorway……………………………………………..…149ȱȱ GeirȱC.ȱTufte,ȱCatharinaȱBjørkquist,ȱandȱIvetaȱReinholdeȱ Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………….165ȱ 1 Tables Tableȱ2.1.ȱAverageȱshareȱofȱfemaleȱcandidatesȱbyȱpartyȱfamily,ȱ1998Ȭ2011.ȱ................ȱ41 Tableȱ4.1.ȱRelevantȱconcernsȱinȱdecidingȱcasesȱinȱelderlyȱcare.ȱȱAverageȱscoresȱofȱȱ respondentsȱinȱeachȱcountry.ȱRankedȱaccordingȱtoȱstagesȱofȱethicalȱreasoning.ȱ.........ȱ78 Tableȱ6.1.ȱȱPoliticalȱidentityȱinȱLatviaȱbyȱnationalitiesȱȱ..................................................ȱ107 Tableȱ6.2.ȱȱEthnoculturalȱidentityȱinȱLatviaȱbyȱnationalitiesȱȱ........................................ȱ113 Tableȱ6.3.ȱEthnoȬpoliticalȱconflictsȱinȱLatviaȱ.ȱ..................................................................ȱ114 Tableȱ6.4.ȱTheȱcausesȱofȱethnicȱconfrontation.ȱȱ................................................................ȱ115 Tableȱ7.1.ȱSupportȱforȱRussianȱpartiesȱinȱEstonianȱandȱLatvianȱparliamentȱȱ electionsȱ................................................................................................................................ȱ139 Tableȱ7.2.ȱSupportȱforȱtheȱideaȱthatȱtheȱfoundationȱofȱtheȱunityȱofȱtheȱLatvianȱȱ societyȱisȱLatvianȱlanguageȱandȱculture,ȱbyȱethnicityȱofȱtheȱrespondent.ȱ...................ȱ142 Tableȱ7.3ȱAttitudeȱtoȱcivicȱvaluesȱbyȱtheȱethnicityȱofȱtheȱrespondentȱ.........................ȱ143 2 Figures Figureȱ1.1.ȱTheȱworldȱasȱaȱgarden.ȱ......................................................................................ȱ18 Figureȱ2.1.ȱShareȱofȱwomenȱamongȱparliamentaryȱcandidatesȱandȱMPs,ȱ1998Ȭ2011.ȱ.ȱ38 Figureȱ2.2.ȱFemaleȱshareȱofȱcandidatesȱbyȱparty,ȱ1998Ȭ2011ȱ...........................................ȱ40 Figureȱ5.1.ȱEuropaȱReginaȱ....................................................................................................ȱ82 ȱ ȱ ȱ 3 Foreword TheȱNorwegianȱ–ȱBalticȱconferenceȱPerspectivesȱonȱintegrationȱandȱdiversityȱinȱtheȱBalticȱ SeaȱRegionȱwasȱheldȱatȱOsloȱandȱAkershusȱUniversityȱCollegeȱ(HIOA)ȱonȱtheȱ21stȱandȱ 22ndȱofȱNovemberȱ2013.ȱTheȱconferenceȱwasȱtheȱresultȱofȱaȱlongstandingȱcooperationȱ betweenȱmemberȱofȱstaffȱatȱHIOAȱandȱtheȱUniversityȱofȱLatviaȱandȱweȱwereȱhappyȱ toȱ welcomeȱ moreȱ thanȱ 40ȱ participantsȱ fromȱ variousȱ departmentsȱ andȱ institutionsȱ bothȱinȱNorwayȱandȱabroad.ȱ Inȱspiteȱofȱtheirȱdifferences,ȱNorwayȱandȱtheȱBalticȱstatesȱdealȱwithȱissuesȱreȬ latedȱtoȱintegrationȱandȱdiversityȱonȱaȱdailyȱbasis.ȱTheȱchallengesȱareȱseenȱinȱvariousȱ areasȱofȱpublicȱlife,ȱandȱwillȱneedȱcooperativeȱeffortsȱinȱorderȱtoȱbeȱdealtȱwithȱinȱtheȱ future.ȱThus,ȱtheȱintentionȱofȱtheȱconferenceȱwasȱtoȱdiscussȱandȱshedȱlightȱonȱsomeȱ perspectivesȱonȱpublicȱpolicy,ȱresearchȱandȱeducationȱinȱtheȱareasȱofȱsocialȱworkȱandȱ policy,ȱpublicȱadministration,ȱmedia,ȱlibraryȱandȱcommunicationȱstudies.ȱȱ Theȱhighȱqualityȱofȱtheȱpapersȱandȱtheȱdiscussionȱrepresentȱtheȱthinkingȱandȱ experienceȱofȱmenȱandȱwomenȱexpertsȱinȱtheirȱparticularȱfields.ȱTheirȱcontributionsȱ helpedȱ toȱ makeȱ theȱ Conferenceȱ anȱ interestingȱ arenaȱ forȱ sharingȱ ofȱ theseȱ thoughts,ȱ andȱalsoȱaȱmeetingȱgroundȱforȱfutureȱcollaborationȱandȱprojects.ȱ Inȱtheseȱproceedingsȱofȱtheȱconferenceȱweȱhaveȱgatheredȱeightȱpapersȱwhichȱ weȱhopeȱwillȱcreateȱaȱbackgroundȱforȱtheȱfutureȱcollaboration.ȱ ȱ KristelȱMariȱSkorgeȱ HeadȱofȱdepartmentȱofȱPublicȱAdministrationȱ ȱ 5 Preface Theȱ Comparativeȱ method,ȱ theȱ Frenchȱ sociologistȱ Emileȱ Durkheimȱ (1857Ȭ1917)ȱ claimed,ȱwasȱnotȱoneȱofȱmanyȱsocialȱresearchȱmethods,ȱitȱwasȱtheȱmethod.ȱEvenȱifȱitȱisȱ easyȱ toȱ agreeȱ withȱ Durkheim,ȱ actuallyȱ toȱ designȱ comparativeȱ researchȱ strategiesȱ isȱ moreȱ difficult.ȱ Inȱ contrast,ȱ Norwegianȱ philosopherȱ Jonȱ Elsterȱ hasȱ claimedȱ thatȱ theȱ logicȱofȱaȱsystemȱmightȱgetȱlostȱbyȱstudyingȱitȱinȱlightȱofȱotherȱsystems.ȱThenȱagain,ȱ oneȱcouldȱargueȱthatȱtheȱuniquenessȱofȱtheȱspecificȱsystemȱorȱpracticeȱbecomesȱevenȱ moreȱvisibleȱwhenȱcomparedȱtoȱothers.ȱȱ Inȱthisȱbookȱweȱhaveȱgatheredȱarticlesȱfocusingȱonȱdifferentȱsocialȱandȱpoliticalȱ aspectsȱofȱNorwayȱandȱtheȱBalticȱcountriesȱwithȱregardȱtoȱissuesȱofȱdiversityȱandȱinȬ tegration.ȱOurȱaimȱisȱtoȱseekȱoutȱcriticalȱanalyzesȱandȱcontroversialȱpositionsȱthatȱcanȱ deepenȱ ourȱ understandingȱ ofȱ developmentsȱ inȱ theirȱ respectiveȱ fields,ȱ suchȱ asȱ law,ȱ politics,ȱsocialȱpolicy,ȱandȱtheȱmedia.ȱThisȱintentionȱisȱobviouslyȱnotȱaȱ“strategyȱofȱ theȱmostȱsimilarȱcase,”ȱbutȱanȱeffortȱtoȱstimulateȱthinkingȱaboutȱcomparativeȱresearchȱ questions.ȱHowever,ȱcanȱweȱactuallyȱcompareȱNorwayȱ–ȱwithȱitsȱmodernȱhistoryȱasȱaȱ welfareȱstateȱwithȱpoliticalȱfreedomȱ–ȱtoȱcountriesȱthatȱwereȱonceȱpartȱofȱtheȱRussianȱ empire,ȱandȱthatȱafterȱaȱbriefȱperiodȱofȱindependenceȱwereȱsuppressedȱbyȱcommunistȱ dictatorshipȱforȱaȱlargeȱpartȱofȱtheȱ20thȱcentury?ȱAȱquoteȱfromȱKarlȱMarxȱmightȱillusȬ trateȱ theȱ point,ȱ asȱ theȱ greatȱ philosopherȱ –ȱ andȱ politicallyȱ misusedȱ theoreticianȱ –ȱ wrote:ȱ “Menȱ makeȱ theirȱ ownȱ history,ȱ butȱ theyȱ doȱ notȱ makeȱ itȱ underȱ selfȬselectedȱ circumȬ stances,ȱ butȱ ratherȱ underȱ circumstancesȱ alreadyȱ existing,ȱ givenȱ andȱ transmittedȱ fromȱ theȱ past.”ȱȱ Historyȱhasȱnotȱgoneȱaway,ȱbutȱaȱrapidȱtransformationȱhasȱ takenȱplace:ȱTheȱ BalticȱpeoplesȱgotȱtheirȱfreedomȱfromȱtheȱSovietȱUnionȱinȱ1991.ȱThisȱisȱaȱshortȱperiodȱ inȱhistory,ȱyetȱalreadyȱmoreȱthanȱtwoȱdecadesȱthatȱprovideȱenoughȱtimeȱtoȱsummaȬ 7 Prefaceȱ rizeȱdevelopmentsȱandȱpointȱatȱunresolvedȱissuesȱchallengingȱpoliciesȱofȱintegrationȱ andȱequalityȱofȱsocialȱgroupsȱinȱeachȱcountry.ȱ TheȱcountriesȱofȱtheȱBalticȱSeaȱRegionȱfaceȱpoliticalȱchallengesȱinȱglobalization,ȱ Europeanization,ȱandȱtheȱconditionȱofȱtheȱwelfareȱstateȱinȱsocietiesȱcharacterizedȱbyȱ greaterȱ diversity.ȱ Theȱ chaptersȱ inȱ thisȱ bookȱ provideȱ currentȱ perspectivesȱ onȱ publicȱ policyȱandȱresearchȱinȱtheȱfieldsȱofȱpoliticsȱandȱgovernance,ȱmediaȱandȱinformation,ȱ andȱhealthȱpolicy.ȱȱ Theȱ contributorsȱ addressȱ issuesȱ ofȱ diversityȱ acrossȱ aȱ wideȱ specterȱ ofȱ socialȱ phenomenaȱofȱconcernȱtoȱstudentsȱofȱBalticȱandȱNordicȱsocieties,ȱincludingȱincome,ȱ socialȱ capital,ȱ informationȱ access,ȱ religion,ȱ gender,ȱ ethnicity,ȱ andȱ immigration.ȱȱInȱ additionȱ theȱ authorsȱ alsoȱ demonstrateȱ diversityȱ inȱ theirȱ useȱ ofȱ theoreticalȱ foundaȬ tionsȱandȱreferenceȱdisciplines,ȱandȱinȱtheirȱchoiceȱofȱmethods.ȱAllȱinȱallȱtheseȱcontriȬ butionsȱgiveȱtheȱreaderȱanȱideaȱaboutȱseveralȱpromisingȱapproachesȱtoȱtheȱstudyȱofȱaȱ broadȱrangeȱofȱdiversityȱandȱintegrationȱissuesȱinȱtheȱBalticȱSeaȱRegion.ȱ MagidȱAlȬArakiȱisȱaȱleadingȱresearcherȱonȱtheȱscholarshipȱofȱtheȱclassicȱArabȱ