The Cyprus Problem and Anglo-Turkish Relations 1967- 1980 by Yasin Coşkun A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the School of History of the University of East Anglia January 2015 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognize that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there-from must be in accordance with the current UK copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution 1 Abstract This study analyses the British and Turkish policies on the Cyprus issue from 1967 to 1980 and investigates whether there was any cooperation between the British and Turkish governments, as had previously occurred in the 1950s. The thesis shows that while Britain saw Turkey as an ally in its struggle to retain control of the island, and Anglo-Turkish relations were strong because their policies on Cyprus were very similar in the 1950s, this Anglo-Turkish cooperation diminished because of the divergence in their interests in the Cyprus problem within this timeframe. The thesis also demonstrates that there were different phases in Anglo-Turkish relations concerning the Cyprus problem between 1967 and 1980. In particular, relations between Britain and Turkey were extremely tense in 1974 because of the Turkish government’s decision to launch a military operation in Cyprus. The British and Turkish perspectives on the events in the Cyprus issue then diverged significantly. This situation also continued in the later period of the Cyprus problem which had a negative effect on the diplomatic relations between Britain and Turkey. The thesis also broadly analyses the Cyprus dispute between the years of 1967-1980. The policies of other important international actors, such as the United Nations and the United States, are also examined, because British and Turkish reactions to the policies of other actors upon the Cyprus issue also had an effect on Anglo-Turkish relations. In particular, the American position at the time of the major crises on the island, such as occurred in 1967 and 1974, had a significant impact on the British approach towards the Turkish policy on the Cyprus problem, and this is also examined in this study. 2 Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 4 Lists of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ 5 List of Illustrations ................................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1) The Cyprus Problem in 1967: Britain and Turkey Adopting New Policies ............................... 20 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 20 The Cyprus Problem at the Beginning of 1967: The Czechoslovak Arms Dispute and the Turkish-British reaction ........................................................................................... 21 Efforts to find a Solution without Britain: Turkish-Greek Dialogue on the Cyprus Problem and its Representation in British Sources ........................................................ 25 The Meeting of the Turkish and Greek Prime Ministers and the British Assessment ... 30 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 36 2) The Cyprus Crisis of 1967: The Different British and Turkish Approaches ............................. 39 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 39 Turkey’s second Attempt to intervene on the Island ..................................................... 40 The British Reaction to the Crisis .................................................................................. 47 The Increasing Impact of the USA in the Cyprus Problem............................................ 50 British and Turkish Assessments in the aftermath of 1967 crisis .................................. 54 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 57 3) The Cyprus Problem after the 1967 Crisis: The Increasing British Criticism on the Turkish Policy on the Cyprus Issue.................................................................................................... 59 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 59 The Establishment of the “Turkish Cypriot Provisional Administration” and British Reaction ......................................................................................................................... 60 The Situation in Cyprus by 1968 and British Policy ...................................................... 66 The Beginning of the Inter-Communal Talks ................................................................ 71 British and Turkish disagreement on the extension period of UNFICYP and the Soviet Danger ............................................................................................................................ 75 British Assessment on the Peace Talks between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots ........ 77 Suspension of the Inter-Communal Talks in 1971 and the establishment of “EOKA-B” ....................................................................................................................................... 82 Reactivation of the talks 1972-1974 .............................................................................. 90 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 99 4) A New Period of the Cyprus Problem: Anglo-Turkish Relations in the Critical Phase ......... 101 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 101 The Cyprus Problem by 1974 ...................................................................................... 102 The 1974 Greek Coup on the island and British and Turkish Responses to the Coup 109 The first Turkish Intervention on the island and the British Reaction to the Intervention ..................................................................................................................................... 117 The First Geneva Conference ...................................................................................... 126 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 135 5) The second Turkish Military Action on the Island ..................................................................... 137 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 137 The Second Geneva Conference: Callaghan’s Effort to Stop the Turks ...................... 138 The Failure of the Geneva Talk and the Second Turkish Military Intervention in Cyprus ..................................................................................................................................... 146 The British and International Reaction to the second Turkish movement ................... 154 The Cyprus problem after the second Turkish military operation ............................... 163 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 171 6) The period 1975-80 in the Cyprus dispute and Negative Stability in Anglo-Turkish Relations ............................................................................................................................................. 174 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 174 3 The British Response to the Declaration of a “Turkish Federated State of Cyprus” ... 175 The Vienna talks and the British Position .................................................................... 183 Denktash-Makarios meetings and “the Four-Guideline” agreement ........................... 190 The Denktash-Kyprianou Summit in May 1979 and the Cyprus problem by 1980..... 198 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 206 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 208 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................... 216 4 Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the great support, generosity and wisdom of numerous people. First, I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my principal advisor Professor Cathie Carmichael. She has been a tremendous