Issue 93, 2nd Quarter 2019 JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY ISSUE NINETY-THREE, 2 ISSUE NINETY-THREE, Tactics in the Cyber Domain ND Warrior Women QUARTER 2019 Unity of Command and Military Justice Joint Force Quarterly Founded in 1993 • Vol. 93, 2nd Quarter 2019 http://ndupress.ndu.edu Gen Joseph F. Dunford, Jr., USMC, Publisher VADM Frederick J. Roegge, USN, President, NDU Editor in Chief Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), Ph.D. Executive Editor Jeffrey D. Smotherman, Ph.D. Production Editor John J. Church, D.M.A. Internet Publications Editor Joanna E. Seich Assistant to Ms. Seich Jack Randolph Ostlie Copyeditor Andrea L. Connell Book Review Editor Frank G. Hoffman, Ph.D. Associate Editors Patricia Strait, Ph.D., and Jack Godwin, Ph.D. Art Director Marco Marchegiani, U.S. Government Publishing Office Advisory Committee Charles B. Cushman, Ph.D./College of International Security Affairs; Col David J. Eskelund, USMC/Marine Corps War College; VADM Michael M. Gilday, USN/The Joint Staff; RADM Jeffrey A. Harley, USN/U.S. Naval War College; MG Lewis G. Irwin, USAR/Joint Forces Staff College; MG John S. Kem, USA/U.S. Army War College; LTG Michael D. Lundy, USA/U.S. Army Command and General Staff College; Brig Gen Chad T. Manske, USAF/National War College; Col William McCollough, USMC/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; LtGen Kenneth F. McKenzie, Jr., USMC/The Joint Staff; LtGen Daniel J. O’Donohue, USMC/The Joint Staff; Col Evan L. Pettus, USAF/Air Command and Staff College; Brig Gen Kyle W. Robinson, USAF/Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy; Brig Gen Jeremy T. Sloane, USAF/Air War College; Thomas Wingfield, J.D./College of Information and Cyberspace Editorial Board Richard K. Betts/Columbia University; Eliot A. Cohen/The Johns Hopkins University; COL Joseph J. Collins, USA (Ret.)/National War College; Richard L. DiNardo/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Aaron L. Friedberg/Princeton University; Bryon Greenwald/ Joint Forces Staff College; Douglas N. Hime/Naval War College; Col Jerome M. Lynes, USMC (Ret.)/The Joint Staff; Kathleen Mahoney-Norris/Air Command and Staff College; Bert B. Tussing/U.S. Army War College Cover 2 images (top to bottom): Airman runs in Air Force Marathon at Transit Center, Manas, Kyrgyzstan, September 15, 2012 (U.S. Air Force/Brett Clashman); Coastguardsman from Cutter Bertholf reunites with his wife and child after returning to homeport at Coast Guard Island in Alameda, California, October 24, 2017; Navy engineering project manager assigned to Combined Joint Task Force–Horn of Africa dances with Djiboutians before medical clinic ribbon-cutting ceremony in Ali Oune, Djibouti, January 31, 2019 (U.S. Air Force/Shawn Nickel) About the Cover In This Issue U.S. Army Soldier assigned to East Africa Response Force, deployed in support of Combined Joint Forum Task Force–Horn of Africa, helps 2 Executive Summary unload flatbed truck during mission readiness drill in Libreville, Gabon, 6 “Untapped Resources” January 17, 2019 (U.S. Air Force/ for Building Security Chris Hibben) from the Ground Up By Viva Bartkus 14 Tactical Maneuver in the Cyber Domain: Dominating the Enemy By Jennifer Leigh Phillips 21 From DOPMA to Google: Features Joint Force Quarterly is published by the National Cyber as a Case Study in Defense University Press for the Chairman of the Talent Management 71 Unity of Command: Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman’s flagship Authority and Responsibility joint military and security studies journal designed to By David Blair, Jason Hughes, inform members of the U.S. Armed Forces, allies, and and Thomas Mashuda over Military Justice other partners on joint and integrated operations; By Lindsay L. Rodman national security policy and strategy; efforts to combat terrorism; homeland security; and developments in JPME Today training and joint professional military education to 79 U.S. Africa Command and Its transform America’s military and security apparatus 32 Covert Action as an Intelligence Changing Strategic Environment to meet tomorrow’s challenges better while protecting Subcomponent of the By William Robert Hawkins and freedom today. All published articles have been vetted through a peer-review process and cleared by the Information Instrument Brenda Jeannette Ponsford Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review. By Charles Pasquale and NDU Press is the National Defense University’s Laura Johnson 87 Enhancing Unit Readiness cross-component, professional military and academic on the Southwest Border publishing house. 38 Augmenting Bloom By Cindie Blair, Juliana T. Bruns, The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are those of the for Education in the and Scott D. Leuthner contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views Cognitive Domain of the Department of Defense or any other agency of the Federal Government. By Douglas E. Waters Recall and Craig R. Bullis Copyright Notice 93 Gallipoli: Lessons from the This is the official U.S. Department of Defense edition of Joint Force Quarterly. Any copyrighted portions Great War on the Projection of of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted Commentary Power and Joint Forcible Entry without permission of the copyright proprietors. JFQ should be acknowledged whenever material is quoted 47 Warrior Women: 3,000 By Patrick William Naughton from or based on its content. Years in the Fight Submissions and Communications By Mary Raum JFQ welcomes submission of scholarly, independent Book Reviews research from members of the Armed Forces, 100 The Cold War and The Cold security policymakers and shapers, defense analysts, 55 Military Medicine: The Gender academic specialists, and civilians from the United Gap in Trauma Training War’s Killing Fields States and abroad. Submit articles for consideration Reviewed by Walter M. Hudson to ScholarOne, available at https://mc04. By Daniel P. McGarrah manuscriptcentral.com/ndupress, or write to: 102 Limiting Risk in America’s Wars Editor, Joint Force Quarterly 60 The Acquisition and Cross NDU Press Servicing Agreement: An Old Reviewed by Tom Greenwood 260 Fifth Avenue (Building 64, Room 2504) Fort Lesley J. McNair Tool for the Modern Military Washington, DC 20319 By William M. Stephens Joint Doctrine Telephone: (202) 685-4220/DSN 325 104 The Insufficiency of U.S. Email: [email protected] 66 A Model for Tactical Readiness JFQ online: ndupress.ndu.edu/jfq Irregular Warfare Doctrine Through Strategic Opportunity 2nd Quarter, April 2019 By David A. Zelaya and Joshua Wiles By John A. Pelleriti, Michael Maloney, ISSN 1070-0692 David C. Cox, Heather J. Sullivan, J. Eric Piskura, and Montigo J. Hawkins 111 Fire for Effect: The Evolution of Joint Fires By J. Mark Berwanger 116 Joint Doctrine Update Airmen from 96th Aircraft Maintenance Unit prepare Quick Strike extended range mine for loading on to B-52 on Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, September 16, 2018, as part of exercise Valiant Shield 18 (U.S. Air Force/Zachary Bumpus) Executive Summary hat good is looking back? parts of society. Our view of the world General Powell’s initial vision. The Fifty years ago, one of the was far more restricted than it is today. history of JFQ’s founding has been re- W key people behind the Apollo I suspect most of our readers have a counted in this column in JFQ 85, with Moon missions was a computer scien- hard time imagining a past where such assistance from General Powell and oth- tist named Margaret Hamilton. Like boundaries existed or, more likely, why ers. Key in that recounting was the fact many young people in those days, I was some still exist even if laws removed that as Chairman, General Powell had all about becoming an astronaut and them long ago. the vision to see the need for this journal going to the Moon. While the early Now that Joint Force Quarterly has as a part of a larger effort that continues astronauts were all men, not everyone served the joint force for over a quarter today: to find ways to better integrate involved was, as proved all too well in of a century, I thought a look back might the military Services into a coherent joint the movie Hidden Figures. Until that offer a few insights about how jointness force capable of winning the Nation’s movie, I had no idea who programmed has affected the U.S. military since the wars and every other mission the military the computers that made the mission early days of the Goldwater-Nichols would be called on to accomplish. possible—and I read everything I could Department of Defense Reorganization The inaugural JFQ reflected where in the Space Race days of the 1960s. Act of 1986, when Chairman of the Joint the Joint Chiefs were on the journey to Why did I not know that story? It was Chiefs General Colin Powell’s idea for jointness and their Services’ roles in that a different time—no Internet, only JFQ originated. Our first edition was effort some 7 years after the landmark three major television networks, and published in the summer of 1993 after Goldwater-Nichols legislation. That issue people of color and women were often the Joint Staff and National Defense had some 13 articles and 3 book reviews, excluded from the frontlines of many University developed and executed in addition to General Powell’s remarks 2 Forum / Executive Summary JFQ 93, 2nd Quarter 2019 and a column from my predecessor in this “to support the new naval strategy and chair, Alvin Bernstein. You can access this joint warfighting operations.” first issue online, and I think you would General Carl Mundy, the 30th com- find each article of value, some 92 issues mandant of the Marine Corps, stated the later. Here is what I saw by looking back.