CHILDHOOD DISEASE MAPPING IN KADUNA STATE USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS BY Yetunde Adedoyin ARIGBEDE M.SC/SCIEN/12667/2007-08 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA. OCTOBER 2012 1 DECLARATION I declare that this study entitled CHILDHOOD DISEASE MAPPING USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN KADUNA STATE has been undertaken by me in the department of Geography under the supervision of Prof. M Mamman and Dr. J G Laah. I submit that this work has not been previously presented in any form for a thesis. All relevant materials used have been duly acknowledged. ................................................................... .................................... ARIGBEDE YETUNDE ADEDOYIN DATE 2 CERTIFICATION This thesis entitled CHILDHOOD DISEASE MAPPING USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN KADUNA STATE meets the regulations governing the award of the Degree of Masters of Science (M.Sc) in Geography of the Ahmadu Bello University, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literacy presentation. ........................................................................... .................................... Prof.M Mamman Date Chairman, Supervisory committee ........................................................................... .................................... Dr. J. G. Laah Date Member, Supervisory committee .......................................................................... .................................... Dr. Jaro Musa Date Head of Department ........................................................................ .................................... Prof A A Joshua Date Dean, Postgraduate School 3 DEDICATION This project is dedicated to The Almighty God, who keeps keeping me and mine. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My dedicated and conscientious supervisors, Prof. M. Mamman and Dr. J. G. Laah; you did a wonderful job guiding me through this research work; I appreciate your efforts; it is nice being your protégé. As you water, may you be watered. To my colleagues and staff of Geography Department, thank you for the immense encouragement and support; may you all climb the ladder of success with ease. I would like to thank my loving husband, Mr. O.O.Arigbede for being a pillar of support; a true- blue indeed. May God keep keeping you for me, amen. My angels, Busola and Toduroti, thank you for ‘managing’, when mummy was busy with research. My parents, Prof and Prof (Mrs) Adeyanju and Chief and Chief (Mrs) Arigbede; who can ask for better parents? Thank you for always being there. My siblings- I appreciate the gentle nudge for accomplishment. To the staff of hospitals (Paediatric hospital, Banzazzau, Zaria, St Louis Hospital, Zonkwa, Dana clinic, Mando) that tirelessly helped with provision of data, I appreciate your effort. My friends and individuals too many to mention, who have in one way or another helped to bring this research work to a completion, may you receive your reward from my God in full measure, amen. 5 ABSTRACT This study was carried out to map the spatial variation of disease prevalence and their attendant causes among children in Igabi, Zaria and Zangon Kataf LGAs of Kaduna State. The objectives were to characterise the main types of childhood diseases in Kaduna State, analyse and map the spatial pattern of childhood diseases in the study area, identify the factors responsible for the spatial variation of childhood diseases in the study area and determine sex differentials in childhood disease prevalence. The data used included information from hospital records and field survey, which comprised of 477 questionnaires. Qualitative data from in depth interviews and Focus Group discussions were also used. Satellite imageries were georeferenced and digitised. The data for disease prevalence was aggregated within the GIS environment to produce the disease maps. Chi square analysis was used to determine the relationship between economic and sociodemographic characteristics of mothers, and disease prevalence in children. The main diseases that were found among children in the study area included Malaria (59.3%), Diarrhoea (20.3%), VPD (6.0%), pneumonia (4.7%) and others (9.7%). The incidences of these diseases varied between the three LGAs under study, with Igabi being prevalent in Malaria and VPD, Zaria in Diarrhoea, and Zangon Kataf in Pneumonia. Some socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the mothers of the sick children had influence on the occurrence of sickness in the children. Some of these are educational attainment (p=0.029), marital status (p=0.010), attendance of antenatal clinics (p=0.001), and place of birth (p=0.013). The utilisation of mosquito nets is found to have an influence over incidence of malaria in children over the study period,(0.001) The method of excrement disposal(0.025) and source of drinking water(p=0.007) also had an effect on occurrence of diarrhoea in children. Exposure to pollution from unclean energy for cooking had an influence on pneumonia prevalence (p=0.007). Of all these sick children, the general hospital was the most common choice of their mothers in search of treatment. There were also more sickly female children (57%) than male (43%). The health of the female children may not have been treated carefully (probably due to son preference). To help manage disease prevalence, recommendations include: better sanitation conditions, adequate nutrition of children and practice of disease preventive measures such as- timely vaccinations, utilisation of mosquito nets, and improved hygiene should be practiced by mothers. Education of mothers to at least secondary level is also of great importance to aid better care of children. The conclusion is that mapping childhood diseases present a better way of understanding variation in diseases and provide location-specific management measures. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page Title Page....................................................................................................................................i Declaration.................................................................................................................................ii Certification ..............................................................................................................................iii Dedication .............................................................................................................................. .iv Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................v Abstract......................................................................................................................................vi Table of Contents......................................................................................................................vii List of Tables.............................................................................................................................xii List of figures............................................................................................................................xvi List of Appendices...................................................................................................................xvii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of Research Problem....................................................................................6 1.3 Aim and Objectives.....................................................................................................10 1.4 Hypothesis...................................................................................................................10 1.5 Justification for the Study...........................................................................................10 1.6 Scope of the Study.......................................................................................................11 1.7 Methodology................................................................................................................12 1.7.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................12 1.7.2 Types and Sources of Data...........................................................................................12 1.7.3 Sampling Design...........................................................................................................13 7 1.7.4 Data Analysis................................................................................................................16 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................18 2.2 The concept of Disease Mapping..................................................................................18 2.3 Childhood Diseases.......................................................................................................19 2.3.1 Pneumonia.....................................................................................................................19 2.3.2 Malaria...........................................................................................................................23