Chapter 5 Biodiversity Coordinating Lead Authors: Jeffrey A. McNeely, Daniel P. Faith, Heidi J. Albers Lead Authors: Ehsan Dulloo, Wendy Goldstein, Brian Groombridge, Hiroji Isozaki, Diana Elizabeth Marco, Steve Polasky, Kent Redford, Elizabeth Robinson, Frederik Schutyser Contributing Authors: Robin Abell, Salvatore Arico, Robert Barrington, Florent Engelmann, Jan Engels, Pablo Eyzaguirre, Paul Ferraro, Sofia Hirakuri, Toby Hodgkin, Joy Hyvarinen, Pierre Ibisch, Devra Jarvis, Alphonse Kambu, Valerie Kapos, Izabella Koziell, Yumiko Kura, Sarah Laird, Julian Laird, Merab Machavariani, Susan Mainka, Thomas McShane, Vinod Mathur, K.S. Murali, Sergio Pen˜a-Neira, Adrian Phillips, William Powers, Asha Rajvanshi, Ramanatha Rao, Carmen Revenga, Belinda Reyers, Claire Rhodes, Klaus Riede, John Robinson, Pedro Rosabal Gonzales, Marja J. Spierenburg, Kerry ten Kate Review Editors: Gerardo Ceballos, Brian Huntley, Sandra Lavorel, Stephen Pacala, Jatna Supriatna Main Messages . ............................................ 122 5.1 Introduction ........................................... 123 5.1.1 Biodiversity Values and Relationship to Ecosystem Services 5.1.2 Local, National, Regional, and Global Biodiversity Values 5.1.3 Goals, Main Points, and Structure of this Chapter 5.1.4 Links to Multilateral Processes 5.2 Assessing Protected Areas as a Response to the Loss of Biodiversity 125 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 Management of Protected Areas 5.2.3 Design of Protected Areas 5.2.4 Regional and Global Planning for PA Systems 5.2.5 Assessment 5.3 Helping Local People to Capture Biodiversity Benefits ........... 131 5.3.1 Economic Incentives: Indirect versus Direct 5.3.2 Importance of Community-based Responses and Implementation 5.3.3 Assessment 5.4 Promoting Better Management of Wild Species as a Conservation Tool................................................. 137 5.4.1 Legislation and Policy Action 5.4.2 Ecological Management and Reintroduction 5.4.3 Sustainable Use Programs 5.4.4 Communication/Awareness Raising 5.4.5 Ex Situ Management 5.4.6 Assessment 5.5 Integrating Biodiversity into Regional Planning ................. 141 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Integration of Regional Response Strategies 5.5.3 Linking Protected Areas to the Landscape 5.5.4 Assessment 119 ................. 11430$ $CH5 10-21-05 14:09:37 PS PAGE 119 120 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Policy Responses 5.6 Encouraging Private Sector Involvement in Biodiversity Conservation .......................................... 145 5.6.1 What Companies Are Doing 5.6.2 What More Needs to Be Done 5.6.3 Assessment 5.7 Including Biodiversity Issues in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries ............................................. 147 5.7.1 Introduction 5.7.2 Agriculture 5.7.3 Forestry 5.7.4 Marine Reserves, Biodiversity, and Fisheries 5.7.5 Assessment 5.8 Designing Governance Approaches to Support Biodiversity ....... 152 5.8.1 Introduction 5.8.2 Examples of Governance Approaches in Biodiversity Conservation 5.8.3 Assessment 5.9 Promoting International Cooperation through Multilateral Environmental Agreements ............................... 153 5.9.1 Key Factors Leading to Effective Implementation of Treaties 5.9.2 Overcoming the Limitations 5.9.3 Assessment 5.10 Education and Communication ............................. 159 5.10.1 The Case for Education and Communication 5.10.2 Constraints Regarding the Use of Education and Communication 5.10.3 Conditions for Success in Communication 5.10.4 Assessment 5.11 Lessons Learned ....................................... 161 5.11.1 Introduction 5.11.2 How ‘‘Biodiversity’’ Is Addressed in Responses 5.12 Research Priorities ..................................... 163 5.12.1 How Does Biodiversity Underpin Ecosystem Services and Human Well- being? 5.12.2 What Patterns of Biodiversity Represent Value for the Future? 5.12.3 How Can Biodiversity Values Be Quantified? 5.12.4 What Are the Social Impacts of Biodiversity Loss? 5.12.5 How Do Human Actions Affect Biodiversity and the Structure and Function of Ecosystems? 5.12.6 How Can Effective Incentives Be Designed for Conserving Biodiversity? 5.12.7 Who Gets to Make Decisions Affecting Biodiversity? 5.12.8 When Is It Better to Integrate or to Segregate Human and Conservation Activity? REFERENCES .............................................. 165 ................. 11430$ $CH5 10-21-05 14:09:37 PS PAGE 120 Biodiversity 121 BOXES 5.8 The Bolivian National Strategy for Biodiversity Conservation 5.1 Benefits from Protected Areas: Marine Examples 5.9 Assessing Carbon Sequestration as a Conservation 5.2 Komodo National Park, Indonesia Response in the Andes 5.3 A Direct Approach: Costa Rica’s El Programa de Pago de FIGURES Servicios Ambientales 5.1 Global Network of Protected Areas 5.4 Community-managed Forests in India 5.5 Addressing Biodiversity Issues in Environmental Impact TABLES Assessment 5.1 Business Sectors with Direct Relevance to Biodiversity 5.6 How Multilateral Environmental Agreements Affect Rural Conservation Poverty 5.2 Selected Provisions Related to Implementation and 5.7 The Convention on Biological Diversity Enforcement of International Environmental Agreements ................. 11430$ $CH5 10-21-05 14:09:38 PS PAGE 121 122 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Policy Responses Main Messages Response strategies based on capture of benefits by local people from one or more components of biodiversity (for example, products from sin- Biodiversity is the variety of all forms of life, including genes, species, and gle species or from ecotourism) have been most successful when they ecosystems. Biodiversity underpins ecosystem services: biological resources have simultaneously created incentives for the local communities to supply all of our food, much of our raw materials, and a wide range of goods make management decisions consistent with (overall) biodiversity con- and services, plus genetic materials for agriculture, medicine, and industry. servation. Response strategies designed to enhance the local benefits derived Biodiversity has value for current uses, possible future uses (option val- from a few biological resources also seek to promote management for broader ues), and intrinsic worth. Biodiversity conservation ensures future provi- biodiversity conservation (including protection of global values). But even when sion of un-named or ‘‘undiscovered’’ services, and so complements a product is potentially well-linked to overall biodiversity (as in benefits from direct maintenance of recognized ecosystem services. biodiversity prospecting) the actual benefits may not flow to the community, which results in inadequate incentives for conservation management. Alterna- Recent decades have witnessed significant loss of biodiversity, at a rate two tively, conservation payments can create economic incentives for such man- to three times faster than has occurred in geological history. Responses to this agement. Overall, long-term success for these response strategies depends crisis focus on the conservation of biodiversity and on the associated problems on meeting the economic needs of communities whose livelihoods already of sustainable use of biological resources and equitable sharing of benefits depend to varying degrees on biological resources and the ecosystem services arising out of the use of genetic resources. Effective biodiversity response biodiversity supports. strategies have a bearing on human well-being in two ways: (1) they conserve a source of current and future goods and services, and (2) they Management and sustainable use of wild species, with direct links to create synergies and trade-offs of biodiversity conservation with other livelihoods, will remain a key response. Targeted protection of particular needs of society, including sustainable use of biological resources. species has had mixed success in protecting overall biodiversity. Reintro- duction of species, though often very expensive, has been successful, but such success generally will require the consent and support of the people Assessments covering a wide range of responses highlight several overarching inhabiting the target area. Control or eradication of an invasive species once it issues. One is that difficulties in measuring biodiversity make response is established has appeared extremely difficult and costly. Prevention and early design difficult, and complicate assessments of the impact of responses. intervention have been shown to be more successful and cost-effective. Suc- The potential benefits of integrating biodiversity conservation with management cessful prevention requires increased efforts in the context of international and planning for environmental services are substantial, but few examples of trade, and in raising awareness. Sustainable use programs must include con- successful implementation exist and measurement problems make assess- sideration of social and economic issues as well as the intrinsic biological and ment of gains uncertain. Few well-designed empirical analyses assess even ecological considerations related to the specific resource being used. Zoos, the most common biodiversity conservation measures. botanical gardens, aquaria, and other ex situ programs build support for con- servation, support valuable research, and provide cultural benefits of biodiver- Measurement and valuation of biodiversity requires attention to local, regional, sity. and global scales. Biodiversity may be valued differently, and generate human well-being differently, at local versus global scales. Focusing ex- Incorporating biodiversity