University of Bucharest Center for Arab Studies ROMANO-ARABICA VI-VII 2006-2007 Peripheral Arabic Dialects UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST CENTER FOR ARAB STUDIES ROMANO-ARABICA New Series No 6-7 Peripheral Arabic Dialects EDITURA UNIVERSITĂŢII DIN BUCUREŞTI – 2006/2007 Editor: Nadia Anghelescu Associate Editor: George Grigore Advisory Board: Ramzi Baalbaki (Beirut) Michael G. Carter (Sidney) Jean-Patrick Guillaume (Paris) Hilary Kilpatrick (Lausanne) Chokri Mabkhout (Tunis) Yordan Peev (Sofia) Stephan Procházka (Vienna) André Roman (Lyon) Editor in Charge of the Issue: George Grigore (e-mail: [email protected]) Published by: © Center for Arab Studies Pitar Moş Street no 11, Sector 2, 70012 Bucharest, Romania Phone/fax: 0040-21-2123446 © Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti Şos. Panduri, 90-92, Bucureşti – 050663; Telefon/Fax: 0040-21-410.23.84 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.editura.unibuc.ro ISSN 1582-6953 Contents Werner Arnold, The Arabic Dialect of the Jews of Iskenderun……………………. 7 Andrei A. Avram, Romanian Pidgin Arabic............................................................... 13 Guram Chikovani, Some Peculiarities of Central Asian Arabic From the Perspective of History of Arabic Language…………………………………………. 29 Dénes Gazsi, Shi‗ite Panegyrical Poems from the Township of Dašt-i Āzādagān (H~ūzistān)..................................................................................................................... 39 George Grigore, L‘énoncé non verbal dans l‘arabe parlé à Mardin……………… 51 Otto Jastrow, Where do we stand in the research on the Anatolian qəltu dialects?... 63 Jérôme Lentin, L‘arabe parlé en Sicile était-il un arabe périphérique ?..................... 71 Gunvor Mejdell, From periphery towards centre stage: research on ‗mixed styles‘– results and challenges……………………………………………………………….. 85 Jonathan Owens & Fadila Brahimi, Grundvokabular und idiomatische Struktur: Arabisch in Nigeria und Nordafrika………………………………………………… 97 Stephan Procházka, Does geographical periphery imply linguistic periphery? The examples of the Arabic dialects of Cilicia and Urfa in Southern Turkey…………… 109 Arlette Roth, Quelles nouvelles perspectives s‘ouvrent avec l‘exploration et la description des dialectes arabes dits périphériques ?................................................... 133 Thomas Stolz & Andreas Ammann, Beda u Qabad: The Maltese Inchoative / Ingressive..................................................................................................................... 149 Catherine Taine-Cheikh, Périphérie géographique et perméabilité aux contacts. Le cas du Maghreb……………………………………………………………………… 159 Shabo Talay, The influence of Turkish, Kurdish and other neighbouring languages on Anatolian Arabic..................................................................................................... 179 Hristina Tchobanova, Phonetic features and changes in Andalusi Arabic: a case study of the laryngeal plosive /‘/.................................................................................. 189 FOREWORD This issue of Romano-Arabica contains the proceedings of the International Colloquium Peripheral Arabic Dialects, which was held in Bucharest, from the 18th to the 20th of May 2007. The colloquium, organized by the Center for Arab Studies of the University of Bucharest, and chaired by Prof. Dr. Otto Jastrow (Friedrich- Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg), joined together a panel of distinguished specialists from as many as nine countries who have been studying Arabic dialects spoken outside the official boundaries of the Arab world, covering a vast territory, from Central Asia to the Iberian Peninsula. Finally, may we, as organisers, thank each and every participant for making the International Colloquium Peripheral Arabic Dialects – 2007 an extremely enjoyable and worthwhile event. The Colloquium Organisers The Arabic Dialect of the Jews of Iskenderun Werner Arnold University of Heidelberg Germany Iskenderun is an important harbour town at the northeastern Mediterranean seashore in the Turkish province of Hatay. The Arabic speaking population calls the city Iskadrōna which is the old Aramaic name of the town. Iskenderun is the northernmost city in which a city dialect of the syro-palestinian type is spoken. Nearly all dialects of this type have the following features in common: a) Shift of the interdentales to the corresponding dentals b) Shift of q to the glottal stop. c) The lowering of u and i in simple closed word-final syllable to o and e d) Word final Imāla of the feminine ending -a e) Monophthongization of aw and ay. f) Loss of genus distinction in plural forms of verbs and pronouns The Arabic dialect of the Jews of Iskenderun and of Antakya, the capital city of the province of Hatay, has all these features: 1) talğ >talğ hāda > hāda d}uhr > d}əhr 2) qāla > ‘āl 3) yiktub > yəktob yinzil > yənzel 4) ši*a > šə*e 5) bayt > bēt mawt > mōt 6) hənnen yəktəbu 7 əntu təktəbu But the dialects of the Sunni Muslims, Christians and Nus}ayris in Antakya and Iskenderun as well as the dialect of the city of Gaza do not share all these features. The phoneme q is preserved in the city of Iskenderun and in the Christian dialect of Antakya. In the dialect of the Sunnis and Nus}ayris in Antakya q shifted to a velarized k}. In the city of Gaza q alternates with g. The lowering of i and u in word-final syllables is not attested in the city dialects of the Christians, Nus}ayris and Sunnis of Iskenderun and Antakya in the north and in Gaza in the South. Imala of the feminine ending -a is not attested in Gaza. It seems as if the common features of the city dialects in the eastern Mediterranean countries developed somewhere in the centre of the area and spread to the north and to the south without reaching the fringes of the area, especially not to the city of Iskenderun in the outermost north and the city of Gaza in the remotest south. Only the dialect of the Jews in Iskenderun has all the above mentioned features so that we can draw the conclusion that the Jews of Iskenderun originally came from the center of the Syro-Palestinian dialect area and settled down at the periphery of that area. In that way a central dialect has become a peripheral dialect, as the dialect of the Jews is now different not only from the two other Arabic dialects of the city of Iskenderun but also from all other dialects in that peripheral area of the Syro-Palestinian dialect area. This will be demonstrated by the following examples from the city of Iskenderun: Jews Christians Nus}ayris 7) Consonant q > ’ q q qalb > ’alb qalb qalb 8) Short Vowels i/u >ə >i >i ism > əsm ism ism umm> əmm imm imm in final closed syllables >e/o >i >i >yəktob >yiktib >yiktib yinzil >yənzel >yinzil >yinzil 9) a in pre-stressed nağğār niğğār niğğār closed syllables opened syllables katabt ktabt ktabt 10)Diphthongs aw/ay ō/ē aw/ay aw/ay 8 > mawt mōt mawt mawt bayt bēt bayt bayt 11) Imāla — >ē — nağğārīn nağğārīn niğğērīn niğğārīn 12) Pronoun independent 3 pl hənnen hinni hinni suffixed 3 sg m d}arab-o d}arab-u d}arab-u 13) Interrogative particle where? wēn aynah}all fayn when? ēmta aymat īmat 14) Weak verbs IIIy nisa nisi nisi III ‘ ‘əri qiri qara I‘/IIIy ağa iğa iğa In the second part of my paper I want to mention some peculiarities of the Jewish dialect of Iskenderun which are not attested in the other dialects of the Turkish province of Hatay or even in the Syro-Palestinian dialects in general. Only in the Jewish dialect an always stressed suffixed demonstrative pronoun -ā can be added to a noun: 15) bi yōmā bis}ūmu they fast on this day bi santā in this year bi lēltā in this night badālā instead of this After a preceding demonstrative pronoun followed by a noun with or without article an additional demonstrative pronoun can be suffixed. In this case the suffixed demonstrative pronoun has the form -āy: bi hayy xs}ūs}āy for that reason bi hal-xs}us}āy for that reason bi hād s}ūrāy in this form bi hal-baladāy in this village hal-luġāy this language 9 Only in the Jewish dialect a second pronoun of the third person which developed from the independent personal pronoun, can be added to the first suffixed personal pronoun. This phenomenon is well known from the Mesopotamian Qəltu-dialects as the example of Otto Jastrow from Mardīn shows: 16) ‘at}aytū́ hu-we ich gab ihm ihn (Jastrow 1978: 296 f.) In the Syro-Palestinian dialects this kind of suffixation has as far as I know not been observed in other dialects then the Jewish dialect of Iskenderun. Examples: 17) labbása he dressed her + hūwe > labbásawe he dressed her (with) it (m) labbása he dressed her + hīye > labbásaye he dressed her (with) it (f) labbsak he dressed you + hūwe > labbsakwe he dressed you (with) it (m) labbsak he dressedd you +hənnen > labbsakənnen he dressed you (with) them labbása he dressed her + hənnen > labbasánnen he dressed her (with) them labbsáto she dressed him + hənnen > labbsatūnnen she dressed him (with) them bilabbsa he dresses her + hūwe > bilabbsawe he dresses her (with) it (m) bilabbsa he dresses her + hīye > bilabbsaye he dresses her (with) it (f) bilabbso he dresses him + hūwe > bilabbsūwe he dresses him (with) them bilabbsū they dress him + hūwe > bilabbsūwe they dress him (with) it (m) bilabbsūha they dress her + hūwe > bilabbsūwe they dress her (with) it (m) bilabbso he dresses him + hənnen > bilabbsūnnen he dresses them (with) them bilabbsūhon they dress them + hənnen > bilabbsūnnen they dress them (with) them A second pronoun can be suffixed also to a an indirect pronoun which has been connected with the verb by the former preposition li: bah}aww əšlon I pick for them + hūwe > bah}aww əšlunwe I pick for them it (m) 10 A peculiarity of the Jewish dialect of Iskenderun is the emphatic negation particle lam. This particle occurs only once in my texts to negate the imperfect form of the verb with the particle am- expressing continued presence: 17) lə-knīse msakkara w-lam ambis}īr HminyánH The synagogue is closed and a Minyan is no longer at all coming into being I ask my informant to give me some other examples for the use of lam, and I found out that the particle lam negates only the verbal forms in imperfect with or without the particle am-.