The NDC Journal A Publication of the National Defence College, Kenya Course 22-2019/20 THE THINK TANK “The Mind has no Limits” (Eliud Kipchoge) Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed or implied herein are those of the authors and should not be construed as the official position of the National Defence College, Ministry of Defence or other Agencies and Departments of the Government of Kenya. CONTENTS Members of the Editorial Committee ............................................................... vii Foreword by The Commandant ......................................................................... viii Message from The Sponsor ................................................................................... ix Part 1 Diplomacy & Foreign Policy Diplomatic Enterprenuership as a Tool for Advancing Development in Kenya ...1 Harnessing Indigenous Culture for Diplomacy .................................................. 8 The Nile River and the Riparian States: Contextualizing the External Policy of Kenya .......................................................................................................................15 Defence Diplomacy .............................................................................................. 25 Illegal Migration: Human Smuggling and Trafficking ..................................... 30 Science Diplomacy in Advancing National Development in Africa .............. 44 Part 2 Security Regional Cyber-Security Threats: A Case Study of Kenya .............................. 55 New Training Paradigm for Global Navies ....................................................... 64 Fighting Terrorism in Africa: Gap Analysis - Expectations Versus Reality....74 The Changing Face of Social Security in Kenya ................................................ 82 Kenya–Somalia Border Securitization ............................................................... 90 Taming Narratives ................................................................................................. 99 Porous borders: Threat to National Security .................................................. 109 Theories of Criminal Behaviour ........................................................................ 119 Dilemma of Deploying Peacekeepers in a Robust Mission: A Case of Amisom ............................................................................................... 127 Part 3 Society and Management Effects of Multi National Corporations in Zambia .........................................139 The International Legal Development of the Law of the Sea and the Blue Economy Concept in Kenya ............................................................................... 149 Cross Border Timber Trade in East African Region ...................................... 157 National Defence College, Kenya v CONTENTS Waste Management and Regime in Kenya ....................................................... 166 Effects of Climate Change on Food Security in Kenya .................................. 181 Sustainable Environmental Development, a Myth or a Reality in Developing Countries .....................................................................................191 Kenya Inching Closer to the Blue Economy Potential ................................... 198 The Impact of Food Aid on Food Security in Kenya ...................................... 208 The Evolution of Public/Citizen Participation in the Democratic Governance of The Republic of Kenya ............................................................. 218 Disinformation in The Contemporary World ................................................. 231 Causes and Mitigation Measures of Human - Wildlife Conflict in Kenya ..240 Electronic Waste Management: Challenges in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Discard .......................................................................... 250 Gendered Violence: Global Perspectives of Femicide .................................... 260 The Rise in Elephant Poaching in Botswana, Reasons and Impact .............. 267 Defence Forces Embarking on Public-Private Partnership to Enhance Service Equipment Maintenance Effectively..................................................... 277 Segretion of Women to Certain Occupation Especially Transport in Africa .............................................................................................. 285 Part 4 Conflict Management & Resolution ‘Water Security’ future in the Nile River Basin ............................................... 299 Social And Economic Effects of the UN Peace Keeping Mission in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) ........................................................ 303 Communication, Peace and Conflict: A Critical Discourse .......................... 311 Climate Change as a Cause of Pastoral Conflicts in the Horn of Africa ...... 319 Resource Conflicts in Pastoral Areas of East Africa (Kenya) ........................ 324 Natural Resource Based Conflicts: A Review of Conflicts Resolution Mechanisms in Kenya ..................................................................... 333 vi National Defence College, Kenya Members of the Editorial Committee Editorial Committee from L to R: Front: Mr N Ndaya, Mrs D N Kimathi, Ms M N Karanja, Mrs N J Mathu, Ms C N Nyakoe, Mr J M Agano, Col S Kiswaa (Chairman) Back: Mr W Kairu, Mr H K Ngenoh, Mr K Kiiru, Cmde I Dasgupta, Mr G O Nagwala and Col J M Nkoimo National Defence College, Kenya vii Foreword by The Commandant take this opportunity to welcome you to read the 22nd Edition of the National Defence College Journal produced by ICourse 22-2019/20. This Journal marks an important milestone in the progression of the Course and the Participants’ contribution during their 48 weeks of study in the College. It is the tradition of the college to produce such a journal during the study calendar year. Course 22-2019/20 Participants are drawn from Botswana, Burundi, Egypt, India, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe amongst the Kenyans from KDF and various Government Ministries, Departments and Agencies. The mission of the College is to prepare Senior Military Officers and their counter parts for higher responsibilities in the strategic direction and management of National Security and other related areas at public policy fields. To do this, the college has partnered with the University of Nairobi, Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies to provide an opportunity for the Course Participants to pursue a Masters and Diploma programs in the International Studies. The Participants will also graduate with an NDC certificate upon successful completion of the course. This journal has provided a platform for the Course Participants to share researched topical subjects touching on contemporary issues relating to International Relations, Security and Development. It is my hope that readers will find the Journal interesting and academically stimulating. I congratulate the Participants of Course 22- 2019/20 for their contribution to this Journal. I also thank the Editorial Board and the Faculty for their effort and support towards the successful production of the Journal. Thank you. Lt Gen A K Mulata CBS, OGW, ‘ndc’ (K) ‘psc’(UK) Commandant NDC viii National Defence College, Kenya Message from The Sponsor On behalf of the Editorial Committee members, it is with great pleasure, humility and honor to launch the 22nd Edition of the National Defence College Journal for Course 22-2019/20. The articles herein by our Participants deal with the contemporary issues that have impacted our nations-states and regions in a variety of ways. The Journal has broad research on interdisciplinary issues reflecting the complexity of political, social, economic and strategic issues. The NDC continues to offer the course Participants an opportunity to debate and research on both broad and specific issues affecting both National, Regional and International Security. Course 22-2019/20 brings together a rich mix of diverse experiences from ten different countries within and beyond the African Continent. This diversity is reflected on the topical issues discussed on the journal. I take this opportunity to thank the Editorial Committee, Course Participants, the Faculty and the Publisher for the timely and successful production of this Journal. Finally, I wish to sincerely thank the Commandant NDC for the guidance and support in the production of this Journal. Maj Gen P A Amogola, CBS, ‘ndc’ ‘psc’ (K) SDS (Army) National Defence College, Kenya ix Vision To make NDC a Regional Centre of Excellence for policy and Strategic Studies towards the realization of a secure, stable, prosperous and peaceful society. Mission To prepare selected Senior Military Officers and equivalent senior civil servants of the Republic of Kenya and their counterparts from selected friendly countries for higher responsibilities in the strategic direction and management of security and other related areas of policy. Part 1 Diplomacy & Foreign Policy DIPLOMATIC ENTERPRENUERSHIP AS A TOOL FOR ADVANCING DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA Col P O Assava OGW ‘psc’ (K) - Kenya Defence Forces Diplomatic Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is an empowering tool especially for the youth in developing countries.1 Wealth creation is something that all countries agree is necessary and beneficial to their respective states. There has been an emergence of new power players in the global economy such as China, India, Russia, Brazil, Indonesia and Turkey. Shappa posits that diplomacy is as much interested in the lobbying